词汇选择是职称英语中第一个考试项目,它考察应试者在一定语境下对单词或短语的理解。从表面上,这是词汇的考题,实际上这是一种最简单的阅读理解题。这里要给大家澄清一个概念,任何一种语言的语义最小单元是句子,而不是词。但是词汇或短语的理解对于句子的理解起着重要的作用。
词汇不足的人在英文听、说、读、写各方面的能力都会受到严重限制。一般大多数人认为背单词既吃力,又成效不大。实际上,若能采用适当的方法,不仅可以缩短扩大词汇量所需的时间,并且能提高记忆单词的质量。下面在本课的第一部分向大家推荐六种单词记忆法,仅供参考。
一、结合记忆法
将比较生疏,不常用的单词放入一定的语言环境句子中,结合句意来记忆单词。遇到此单词时,若词义忘记,则可通过回忆所在句子的意思来记忆单词。例如:
slope
n. ①倾斜;坡度;斜度
There is always a certain slope in a ships deck. 船的甲板总有几分倾斜。
②斜面;斜坡
We climbed the steep slope of the hill. 我们爬了那座陡峭的斜坡。
vi. 倾斜。
The railroad slopes up slightly at this point. 铁路在此处有轻微的倾斜。
critical
adj. ①批评的,吹毛求疵的
I dont like people who are too critical about everything. 我不喜欢对每件事都太吹毛求疵的人。
②紧要的,关键的;危急的
His condition is reported as being very critical. 据报告他的情况非常危急。
通过此法来掌握词汇,既有助于记住单词本身的拼写、拼读,又可同时熟悉词的词义、词性、用法和搭配,比孤立地背记单词效果要好。
二、同类记忆法
将同类词汇收集在一起,同时背记。注意,同类词汇与同义词不同:同义词是指意思相同,而同类词是指基本属性相同、具体意义的层次,级别或范围不同的一类词汇。
如headmaster和principal是同义词,都表示,中小学校长president和chancellor是同义词,都表示大专院校校长。这两组词是同类词汇,都表示校长,但具体级别不同,所以两组词不是同义词。
再如bachelor、master,doctor 三个词都表示学位授予的情况,但具体级别不同,所以这三个词也是一组同类词汇。
这样,将同类词汇放在一起记忆,当遇到其中一个词时,头脑中出现的就是一组词,效率大大提高了。
三、比较记忆法
把同义词或形似词放在一起,加以区别。记忆的过程是一组组,一对对单词同时记忆。职称英语中有很大一部分都是对同义词或近义词的考察,需要平时进行记忆和积累。
例题1:The researchers have just completed a study of driving situations.
A. started
B. finished
C. changed
D. made
答案:B
例题2:Michael is now merely a good friend.
A. largely
B. possibly
C. just
D. rarely
答案:C
Merely/ only/ just
通过掌握构词法来记忆单词。英语主要有三种构词法:
1)转化,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。例如:
picture 画-picture 描绘
water 水-water 浇水
例题1: He has trouble understanding that other people judge him by his social skills and conduct.
A. behavior
B. style
C. mode
D. attitude
答案:A
解释:
Conduct 引导,管理,为人,传导
Conduct 操守,行为
Conductor 列车员,售票员,指挥者,导体等
Semi-conductor 半导体
例题2:The ice is not thick enough to bear the weight of a tank.
A. suffer
B. accept
C. receive
D. endure
答案:D
解释:
bear 熊
bear 负担, 忍受, 带给, 具有, 挤
2)派生,即通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词,例如:
happy unhappy happiness
例题1: The workers in that factory manufacture furniture.
A. promote
B. paint
C. polish
D. produce
答案:D
例题2: Even in a highly modernized country, manual work is a still needed.
A. mental
B. physical
C. natural
D. hard
答案:B
man-, manu- =hand
manage, manual, manuscript, manufacture, manumit
例题3:About one million Americans are diagnosed,annually with skin cancer.
A. every year
B. severely
C. actively
D. every month
答案:A
Ann= year
Anniversaire
Anniversary, annals, annuity
3)合成,即由两个或更多的词合成一个词。例如:
wood cut woodcut
pea nuts peanut
例题1: In the latter case the outcome can be serious indeed.
A. judgement
B. result
C. decision
D. event
答案:B
五、根义记忆法
利用根义代替记忆多义,可以解决没有生词却老读不懂的问题。
比如要问immediate是否已记住,回答当然是肯定的。那么就请看下面三个没有生词的片段:
a) The woman walks immediately behind the car.
b) She is my immediate neighbor.
c) the immediate cause
若没有读懂,那么就请看immediate根义
中间没有间隔
1)立刻;
2)紧挨,通接,紧跟,
3)直接
例题1:He will leave immediately.
A. far away
B. right away
C. right here
D. soon
答案:B
例题2:Can you follow the plot?
A. change
B. investigate
C. understand
D. write
答案:C
请看下面几句中的follow 分别都是什么意思?
She went into the building, followed by a group of students.
The teacher says that everybody should follow the rule here.
Im sorry, but I cant follow you.
六、几组对容易混淆词进行特别记忆
有些字可当形容词又可当副词,例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.
We had an early breakfast.
We went by a fast train.
We had breakfast early.
Dont speak so fast.
有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。
easy 安适地 easily 容易地:
Stand easy!
Hes not easily satisfied.
clear
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
high 高 highly 非常
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
Slow 和 slowly当副词时同义, 但 slow比 slowly语气强.
I told the driver to go slow.
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
hard 辛苦地 hardly 几乎不
He works hard.
He hardly does anything nowadays.
just 刚才;仅 justly 公正地
Ive just seen him.
He was justly punished.
late 迟 lately 最近地
He went to bed late.
I havent seen Mr. Green lately.
Pretty 十分,颇 prettily 漂亮地
The situation seems pretty hopeless.
She was prettily dressed.转
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