When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nations vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity has faltered over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur, the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germanys research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europes largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12, 000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heindch Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
1.What factor can be attributed to German prosperity?
A Technology transfer.
B Good management.
C Hard work.
D Fierce competition.
2.Which of the following is NOT true of traditional university research?
A It is free.
B It is profit-driven.
C It is widely available.
D It is curiosity-driven.
3.The Fraunhofer Society is the largest organisation for applied technology in
A Asia.
B USA.
C Europe.
D Africa.
4.When was the Fraunhofer Society founded?
A In 1940.
B Last year.
C Afterthe unification.
D In 1949.
5.The word expertise in line 3 could be best replaced by
A experts.
B scientists.
C scholars.
D special knowledge.
答案:1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. D
英语基础语法:将来进行时
英语一共有多少种时态
静态动词用于进行时态的例子
will do与be going to do的用法差别
一般将来时用法小结
时态详解:一般过去时
两种完成进行时的用法
这个when后用一般现在时还是一般将来时
时态详解:现在完成时
英语基础语法:过去完成时
表示动作最近发生的现在完成时
时态详解:过去进行时
英语基础语法:一般将来时
现在进行时用法小结
时态详解:现在完成进行时
将来进行时的“温和效应”
时态详解:过去将来时
英语基础语法:一般现在时
表示将来的五种常用非时态方式
与in the past连用的时态
时态详解:一般将来时
if从句之后可接表示将来的be going to吗
常见时态考点归纳(高考适用)
过去进行时的用法小结
英语基础语法:现在完成时
英语基础语法:现在进行时
英语基础语法:过去进行时
三种将来时间表示法的比较
时态详解:现在进行时
英语基础语法:过去将来时
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