情态动词的完成式: can / may / should / ought to / must / need等动词称为情态动词。情态动词有三大特征:一是无人称和数的变化,二是后面跟的动词不带to,三是后面 + not构成否定式,比较: He neednt go there so early. (他不需要去那么早。- 情态动词) You do not need to be an expert to make this simple design. (这么简单的设计不一定非要专家来做。- 动作动词) 在讲解情态动词完成式前,先将一般式中应注意的几个问题提一下,以引起必要的重视。 1.情态动词一般式中应注意的几个问题: 注意以下用法的习惯与区别: He must be a doctor. (他准是个医生。) 否定:He cant be a doctor. (他不会是个医生。- 注意:一般不用must be ) 又如:They cant be working now.(现在他们不可能在工作。) May I go now? 回答:Yes, please. / Please dont. (或:No, you mustnt) have to 与 must 1) 当强调外界原因时,2) 当与将来时结合时,用have to, 例如: Since it is raining, we have to sty indoors. You will have to hurry if you want to catch the 9:30 train. (你要是赶9:30的火车,得赶紧。) 3) 表示自然规律或必然结果,用must, 例如: All men must die. ( 人固有一死。) can 与be able to can表示能力,但不一定做了或做成了;be able to 表示有能力并且做成了,相当于succeed in doing, 例如: The patient is able to walk now. (说明病人原来是丧失了走的能力的,现在自己能走了) The patient can walk now. (可能的情况是,病人是能走的,但医生不让他走,如急性心梗后医生不让病人走动。) Shall I / we(第一人称)? 表示征求对方意见;(第二、三人称) + shall表示允诺或警告,例如: Shall I fetch a doctor for you? (要我为你请个医生来吗?) You shall be sorry for what you have done. (你会为你所做的事后悔的。) Will you.? 表示请求, 例如: Don be late for the meeting next time, will you? (下次开会别迟到了,好吗?) 比较:I would remind you that smoking is forbidden here. (表示婉转的建议或请求:我想提醒你,这里不能抽烟。) neednt 的肯定式为must,例如: You neednt see him, but I must. (你不必去看他,但我得去。) cannot but + 原形动词 (意思相当于have to), 例如: I cannot but tell you the truth. (我不得不给你说实话。) 2.情态动词的完成式: 情态动词的一般式用于表达现在或将来的情况,而情态动词的完成式则用来表达已经发生的事情,例如:你不应该来得那么晚。这是对已经发生的事情(你来晚了)表示自己的看法:You shouldnt have come so late. 将常用、常考的几个情态动词完成式列表说明如下: must (not) have done表示对已发生的事情的判断,中文常表达为:准是It must have rained last night; the ground is wet.(昨晚准是下雨了,地上湿漉漉的。)should (not) have done / ought (not) to have done表示事与愿违,中文常表达为:(不)该,本(不)该The baby was cut badly; she shouldnt (oughtnt to) have let him play with the scissors. (孩子伤得很厉害;她不该让他玩剪刀。)may / can (not) have done表示本(不)可能She may have known the news; she is crying. (她可能已经知道那个消息了;她在哭。)need (not) have done表示本(不)需要You neednt have bought that dictionary; I have got a spare one. (你实际上没有必要买那本字典;我有一本多余的。) 由于在没有情景的情况下很难区分情态动词一般式和完成式,例如你不该去,究竟是You shouldnt go there. 还是 You shouldnt have gone there, 因此考试的时候往往会给出情景,这对判题非常重要,如上面表格例子中的the ground is wet,the baby was cut badly,she is crying, 都是题目所给的情景。
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