职称英语卫生类考试考前每日一练(9)

　　职称英语卫生类考试考前每日一练

　　Sleep Loss and Its Effects

　　Mental fatigue can be as threatening as a heart attack. Recent evidence indicates that sleepiness is a leading cause of traffic and industrial accidents. Human error causes be-tween 60% and 90%of all workplace accidents, depending on the type of job, observes biological psychologist David Dinges of the University of Pennsylvania.And inadequate sleep is a major factor in human error. Other research suggests that sleep loss contributes to everything from drug abuse to poor grades in school.

　　A typical adult needs about eight hours of shut-eye a night to function effectively. By that standard, millions of Americans are for a long time sleep deprived, trying to get by on six hours or even less. In many household, cheating on sleep has become an unconscious and harmful habit. In its mild form, its watching Ted Koppel and going to bed late and then getting up early to get to the gym, says Cornells Pollak. In extreme cases people stay up most of the night, seeing holy little sleep will keep them going. They try to com-pensate by sleeping late on weekends, but that makes up for only part of the shortfall. Over the months and years, some researchers believe, the imbalance builds up and. the effects accumulate. Most Americans no longer know what it feels like to be fully a-lert, contends Dr. William Dement, director of Stanford University s Sleep Center.

　　They go through the day in a sort of twilight zone; the eyes may be wide open, but the brain is partly shut down.

　　Single parent Dianna Bennett, 43, works as a nurse at a correctional facilityin Gardner, Mass. To be able to spend time with her three children during the day, she works the night shift, a schedule that usually allows her no more than four hours of sleep,My kids tell me I am always tired, she says. Amy Schwartzman, 35, a law student at Yale University, gets up at 9 a.m. and then, she attends classes and simulatedcourt and work as a research assistant, often does not get home until 10 p.m. Nights of throwing into bed at 3 a.m. makes her feel as if my brain isnt moving as quickly as it should be. Noting that the circles under her eyes keep getting darker,My mother told me I look like. a raccoon. says Schwartzman.

　　31. Sleep loss contributes to everything EXCEPT

　　A. drug abuse

　　B. poor school grades

　　C. work effect

　　D. accidents

　　32. According to the passage, on weekends some people always

　　A. go to bed late

　　B. go to bed early

　　C. get up late

　　D. get up early

　　33. Because of sleep loss, most American

　　A. have wide open eyes

　　B. are not fully alert

　　C. try to sleep more

　　D. live in the twilight zone

　　34. Though not stated, the author implies that

　　A. American drug abuse is connected with loss of sleep

　　B. American students poor grades result from lack of sleep

　　C. Adequate sleep is necessary for peoples health

　　D. Accidents in.the states could be reduced by more sleep

　　35. In his passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author?

　　A. How interesting American night life is.

　　B. How busy some Americans are.

　　C. Some Americans attitude toward sleep.

　　D. People should have more sleep.

　　参考译文

　　睡眠不足及其后果

　　精神疲劳的威胁性并不亚于心脏病。近来有证据显示，困倦是导致交通事故和工业事故的最主要原因。宾夕法尼亚大学的生物心理学家David Dinges说：根据工作的不同，在所有的车间事故中，有60%到90%是由于人为错误引起的。而睡眠不足又是导致人为错误的一个主要因素。其他的研究发现，睡眠不足会导致滥用药品、学习成绩差等一系列问题。 正常成年人每晚需要大约八小时睡眠以保证身体的日常需要。依据此标准来衡量，有数百万美国人长时间以来睡眠不足，他们只睡六个小时，甚至更少。对于许多家庭来说，睡眠作弊已经成了一种无意识的不良习惯。这种习惯的比较轻微的表现就是，看Ted Koppel看到深夜、很晚才上床睡觉、早上早起去健身，康奈尔大学的Pollak这样说道。而在极端的例子中，有的人熬夜到很晚，想看看到底他们的睡眠能减少到哪种程度。他们试图通过在周末睡懒觉来补偿睡眠，但这仅仅是杯水车薪。一些研究人员相信，日复一日、年复一年，机体将失去均衡，而且后果会逐渐累积。斯坦福大学睡眠研究中心的主任William Dement认为：多数美国人再也体会不到什么叫做完全清醒。他们整天都处于一种浑浑噩噩的状态，虽然眼睛睁得大大的，但是大脑已经部分停止工作了。 43岁的单亲母亲Dianna Bennett是马萨诸塞州加德纳市管教所的一名护士。为了能够在白天照看她的三个孩子，她只能上夜班，这样的话，她一天还睡不到四小时。她说：孩子们告诉我，我看上去总是很疲倦。35岁的Amy Schwartzman是耶鲁大学法学院学生，她每天上午九点起床，然后去上课、参加模拟法庭，同时，她还有助理研究员的工作得做，通常，她不到夜里十点回不了家，好多天到凌晨三点才能睡觉，让她觉得脑子变得迟钝。在注意到自己的眼圈越来越黑后，Schwartzman说：我妈妈说我活像一只浣熊。