新概念英语第四册48-01
发布时间：2012-12-26 编辑：查字典英语网小编
第44课
New words and expressions 生词短语
disunited a.: 分裂的
unite : unite all the people 团结所有的人民
unify :（思想）统一 union unification reunion 团聚
In China, spring festival/mid autumn festival is a good time for reunion.
在中国，中秋节/春节是团聚的好时间
Chinese people are hoping/expecting the reunion between the mainland and Taiwan Island.
中国人希望大陆两岸统一。
In 199x, the two Germanies reunification. 在 199X 年东西德统一
Incur : 承担 后面跟抽象名词 （费用，成本）
I have a family to support/feed.
招致，导致 （不好的恶果） Pride incur failure. invite lead to
backward a.: 落后的
forward a.： 先进的
backward nation forward country
under developed 欠发达 developing 发展中
administrative a.:行政管理的
organ : 机构
administrator : 管理者
administration: 行政 管理 政府机关
Bush administration : bush 当局（西方用人名，中国用地名）
Beijing administration
MBA： Master of Business and Administration
Lesson44
If a nation is essentially disunited, it is left to the government to hold it together. This increases the expense of government, and reduces correspondingly the amount of economic resources that could be used for developing the country, And it should not be forgotten how small those resources are in a poor and backward country. Where the cost of government is high, resources for developmentare correspondingly low.
This may be illustrated by comparing the position of a nation with that of a private business enterprise. An enterprise has to incur certain costs and expenses in order to stay in business. For our purposes, we are concerned only with one kind of cost--the cost of managing and administering the business. Such administrative overhead in a business is analogous to the cost of government in a nation. The administrative overhead of a business is low to the extent that everyone working in the business can, be trusted to behave in a way that best promotes the interests of the firm. If they can each be trusted to take such responsibilities, and to exercise such initiative as falls within their sphere, then administrative overhead will be low. It will be low because it will be necessary to have only one man looking after each job, without having another man to check upon what he is doing, keep him in line, and report on him to someone else. But if no one can be trusted to act in a loyal and responsible manner towards his job, then the business will require armies of administrators, checkers, and foremen, and administrative overhead will rise correspondingly. As administrative overhead rises, so the earnings of the business, after meeting the expense of administration, will fall; and the business will have less money to distribute as dividends or invest directly in its future progress and development.
It is precisely the same with a nation. To the extent that the people can be relied upon to behave in a loyal and responsible manner, the government does not require armies of police and civil servants to keep them in order. But if a nation is disunited, the government cannot be sure that the actions of the people will be in the interests of the nation; and it will have to watch, check, and control the people accordingly. A disunited nation therefore has to incur unduly high costs of government.
RAYMOND FROST The Backward Society
参考译文
一个国家如已基本分裂，就要由政府负责统一重任。这将增加政府的开支，从而相应减少了原可用于发展国家的那部分财源，还别忘记，在落后穷国里这部分财力是很有限的。在政府开支
高的地方，用于开发的财力相应就低。
要阐明这一点，不妨把国家的处境同私营企业作一个对比，为了做生意，企业得承担各种费用和支出。就我们的目的而言，我们只关心一种费用——企业的经营和管理费。企业的这种一般
管理费和国家的政府开支类似。企业一般管理费用的高低视每一员工为本企业最佳效益尽心工作的程度而定。如果能放手让每一个人负起责任，在本职范围内发挥主动，一般管理费用就会很低，
其所以会低，是因为只需一个人干一份工作，而无需别人检查他的所做所为，使他规规矩矩及向其它人报告他的情况，而如果无法放手让每一个人忠心耿耿地负责本职，则企业就需要配备大量
的管理人员、检验员和监工，于是一般管理费用就会相应上升。一般管理费用一上升，支付管理费用后的企业盈利就将减少；企业用于分红或直接向未来进步和发展的投资就会减少。
国家正好一样。如能达到信赖人民会以忠诚和负责的态度行动的程度，政府就无需用大量警察和文职人员去迫使他们循规蹈矩。假如国家已经分裂，政府无法肯定人民会按国家的利益行动，
则它将不得不相应对人民进行监视、检查和控制。因此分裂的国家就得承担异常高的政府开支。
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