[al:新概念英语（四）] [ar:MP3 同步字幕版（美音）] [ti:Education] [by:更多学习内容，请到yingyu.chazidian.com搜索“新概念”] [00:00.94]Lesson 33 [00:03.04]Education [00:10.92]Why is education democratic in bookless tribal societies? [00:18.65]Education is one of the key words of our time. [00:23.29]A man without an education, many of us believe, [00:27.40]is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. [00:37.15]Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' [00:46.84]in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. [00:53.93]Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, [00:59.35]punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits? [01:10.77]So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, [01:16.51]lawyers and defendants marriages and births--but our spiritual outlook would be different. [01:25.07]We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, [01:31.53]on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. [01:39.04]If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. [01:50.08]Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; [01:56.92]it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. [02:06.45]It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. [02:17.00]In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. [02:25.63]There are no'illiterates' --if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, [02:39.77]in France in 1806, and in England in 1876 and is still nonexistent in a number of 'civilized' nations. [02:51.14]This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure [02:56.66]that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries. [03:07.21]Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. [03:12.73]All are entitled to an equal start. [03:16.37]There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. [03:26.13]There, a child grows up under the everpresent attention of his parents; [03:32.11]therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. [03:39.36]No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.