2015年职称英语考试常用语法详解:五个基本句型
5) 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语
我们在学习5个基本句型时,主要关心每个句型中的出题点在哪里。
第一句型:主语 + 系动词 + 表语
1) 系动词一般为be 动词。
注意:look, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, become, come, go, turn, grow, keep, seem, stand等词可以作半系动词用,按行为动词方式变化,起系动词的作用。
试验比较:
He felt the pockets thoroughly but did not find a single penny.
You look pale. Do you feel unwell?
一般来说,动词后面跟的是个形容词或名词,该动词为系动词, 如:The plan sounds perfect. / The flower smells nice. / The dish tastes delicious. / It is getting dark.
实例:
Dont worry. Let me take your pulse first. Oh, it ______ normal.
A. is felt
B. is feeling
C. feels
D. felt
解题思路:normal为形容词,前面应为系动词;系动词没有被动语态,故A不对; look, feel, sound, taste, smell, seem等半系动词一般不用进行时,B也不对;D时态错了,故正确答案为C.
2)there be是英语中非常重要的一个句型: there是引导词,不解释 那里; 这是个倒装句, 主语在be动词的后面, be动词的单复数由后面的主语决定。
注意中国学生容易搞错的问题:
There isnt enough furniture in the room.
错:There hasnt enough furniture in the room.
There is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
错:It is no doubt that smallpox has been wiped out in China.
There is ample evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.
错:It is evidence that AIDS is spreading quickly in Asia.
第二句型:主语 + 不及物动词
在这个句型中主要注意及物动词与不及物动词的区分:
不及物动词 及物动词
rise /rose / risen raise /raised / raised
arise / arose / arisen arouse / aroused / aroused
lie / lay / lain lay / laid / laid
arrive at reach
wait for await
remain maintain
上面所注仅为典型词义,要根据句子判别其他意思。
此外,该句型常采用倒装形式,注意辨别,主要是以下两种情况:
1) 用here 或 there引导:Here comes the bus. / There rings the bell.
2) 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中,往往将介词短语提前:On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.
第三句型:主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
我们知道,名词可以做主语和宾语,非谓语动词 -ing和 to do也可以做主语和宾语,
作主语:
Learning a foreign language is not easy.
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
从语法角度讲,上述两个表达方式都可以。
但是,当动词处于宾语位置时,就不能这样随心所欲了,因为英语语法有以下几个规定:
1)acknowledge / admit / appreciate / avoid / consider / contemplate / defer / deny / dislike / enjoy / escape / evade / excuse / facilitate / fancy / favor / feel like / finish / give up / cannot help / cannot stand / imagine / include / keep / do not mind / miss / permit / practice / regret / resent / risk / suggest 等词后面的动词宾语必须用-ing 形式,重点和首先要掌握黑体字部分。由于这些次的词义与解题关系不大,没有给出具体词义解释。若需要,请学生自己查字典解决。
这是语法考试的一个重点,要对以上词特别敏感,例如:
It is impossible to avoid ______ by the stormy weather.
A. being much affected
B. having much affected
C. to be much affected
D. to have been much affected
解题思路:1)一看到avoid一词,便可确定正确答案在A、B中; 2)affect意为影响,及物动词,故B不对。
2) remember / forget:后面既可跟 -ing, 也可跟 to do,但意思不一样:to do表示说话时还没有发生的事,-ing表示对已经发生过事的回忆,如:我昨天出门时忘了关窗了。显然是指出门时还没有做的事,因此用to do形式;我不记得以前见过你。显然是指说话以前的事,因此用 -ing形式,即:
I forgot to close the windows when I left home yesterday.
I dont remember seeing you before.
因此,除了知道这个规定外,分清发生过还是没有发生是解题的关键。
实例:
Do you remember ______ to Professor Smith during your last visit?
A. to have been introduced
B. having introduced
C. being introduced
D. to be introduced
解题思路:1)第一步要确定发生过还是没有发生,即A、D还是B、C,你记得上次访问时被介绍给Smith教授的情况吗?显然是已发生的事,选B、C;2)introduce后没有宾语,说明是被动语态:,故选C
3)need / want / require等解释为需要时,有两种表达方式,如:
这间会客室需要打扫一下
A.This waiting room needs to be cleaned.
B.This waiting room needs cleaning.
考试时若同时出现两种选择,选B
4)look forward to / object to / subject to / be subjected to / be opposed to / oppose to中的 to 是介词,后面应跟名词或动名词-ing,