2015年职称英语考试常用语法详解:非谓语动词的句法功能
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语
这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理,即非谓语成分时怎么处理。
1.主语:
首先,to do 和 -ing形式具有名词性,-ed 不具备名词性。也就是说,to do 和 -ing可以做主语,例如:
To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing.
Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.
问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别,因此不是语法考试的重点
一般讲,to do较具体的行为或状态,-ing表示较笼统的概念,如学习外语对我来说并非易事一般用to do来表达:To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me.
从应试角度讲,只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了:
It is no use + ing结构,例如:
It is no use quarreling with her.
There is no + ing 结构,例如:
There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.
There is no joking about this matter.
2.宾语
如上所述,非谓语动词to do或-ing当主语时,没有特别的语法要求。但是,当宾语时,就有一个用to do还是-ing的问题。大家还记得这个规定吗?如果忘了,请复习第二讲中五个基本句型的第三句型.这是考试的一个重点。在以往的职称考试中,此项一般要占2-3道题目。
关于非谓语动词做宾语补足语的问题,请复习第二讲中五个基本句型的第五句型.
3.定语
也就是做名词的修饰语。只要牢记本讲非谓语动词的时态和语态意义一节中的内容,就不难理解非谓语动词做定语的问题。非谓语动词做定语,本质上是定语从句,例如:
Where is the house built last year?
= Where is the house thatwas built last year
Do you see the house being built there
= Do you see the house that is being built there?
The house to be built next month will be our dorm.
= The house that will be built next month will be our dorm.
也就是说,只要把握好时间状语和语态,非谓语动词做定语的考试选项比较容易,出题几率也比较低。
有人可能会问:
I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written两个句子中的黑体部分都是做letter的定语,为什么一个用主动,另一个用被动语态。一般来说,当动词的行为者就是句子的主语时,用主动语态。因此,这两个句子的内涵是有些区别的。但由于考试形式的局限性,一般不会考这种区别的。
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