5
If you and your friends wish to share a secret, you can write it in code, and no one else will be able to read it. Codes are one way of writing in secrets. Ciphers(暗码) are another. In the code each word is written as a secret code or word number. In a cipher each letter is changed.
Codes and ciphers have played an important role in the history of the word. Julius Caesar, the Roman ruler who defeated almost all the countries in Europe about 2000years ago, used a cipher when he sent secret messages to his troops. During American Revolution, George Washingtons spies used a kind of code to send him information about the enemy before his military（军事的） action. In World War 2,the American broke, or figured out, Japans most important navy codes and got enough information to destroy a powerful Japanese fleet（舰队）。
Storekeepers use codes to mark their goods. The codes show how much was paid for the goods or when they were added to the stock. Businessman use codes to hide plans from their business enemies. Sometimes personal letters or diaries are written in code. Many people enjoy figuring out codes and ciphers simply as a hobby.
In the 16th century, codes and ciphers were very popular among scientists. They wrote messages to each other in code so that no one else would learn their secrets. Geronimo Gardano, an Italian astrologer（星相家）,mathematician, and doctor, invented the trellis ciphers. He took two sheets of paper and cut exactly the same holes in each one. Then he sent one sheet, which he called a trellis, to a friend and kept the other for himself. Whenever he wanted to write a message, he put his trellis, over the clean sheet of paper and wrote the secret message through the holes. Then he removed the trellis and filed the rest of the paper with words that would make sense. When his friends received it, He put his trellis over the writing and read the secret message.
Title 1.
Keys:
1. Codes and ciphers 2.In business (world or circle) 3. through the holes
4. meaningful (useful) information/messages 5. Purposes/Aims
6. send secret messages/information 7. informed/know/learn/aware/conscious
8.To hide plans/information/messages 9.keep secrets 10. Defeating
6
Autumn blues? Let the sunshine in falling leaves, withering flowers, cold winds, faint sunshine. For many people late autumn can be a season of gloom and depression. Spirits can be low.
people who suffer from the autumn blues often are extremely exhausted, lack energy, need more sleep, feel increased appetite and gain weight.
The exact cause of this condition, often called seasonal depression or seasonal affective disorder (SAD), is not known yet, says Chen Jue, associate professor at Shanghai Mental Health Center. But recent studies indicate that weather change is influential and strongly suggest that this condition is caused by changes in the availability of sunlight.
One theory is that with decreased exposure to sunlight, the biological clock that regulates mood, sleep, and hormones is delayed, running more slowly in winter. Exposure to light may reset the biological clock.
Another theory is that brain chemicals that transmit information between nerves may be altered in individuals with SAD. It is believed that exposure to light can correct these imbalances.
It is a sad season, but you can try to make it happy. Remember, spring always lives in your heart, Chen says.
Here are some tips to deal with autumn depression.
- Go outdoors and get some sunlight. Move around. Fresh air and exercise improve the respiratory(呼吸) system and blood circulation and regulate the nervous system. Thus, exercise is calming and relieves one's mood.
- Relax at work. Stretch, breathe deeply. Take a tea break. Think of your next vacation.
- Keep a chocolate bar in your pocket. Chocolate and sugar raise the spirits.
- Look at bright colors, such as red and orange. Color therapy improves mood.
- Listen to your favorite music. You can dance to it, or just lie on a cozy couch, reading a novel.
- Decorate your room and work space with flowers. Blooming plants are cheering.
- Call friends or family when you feel lonely or depressed. Recall some happy memories.
Autumn Blues
Autumn blues is also called autumn (1) .The real cause for it is still (2) to us. Exposure to sunlight can help to cure it.
There are some (3) that can help to deal with it.
The first reason is that exposure to sunshine can reset the biological clock (4)___ __mood, sleep and hormones.
The second is (5)_______ with the balance of nerves that transmit information.
Outdoor (6)______
May reduce the tension that brings you the low spirits.
You can relax yourselves while working. Food (7)_____
In calories and sugar does help too.
(8)_______
Treatment also works in handling low mood. Music also (9)______
a role in treating autumn blues.
Green plants are cheering. Calling your friends will (10)_______your
Loneliness away.
Thinking of the sweet past is regarded as a good way as well.
Keys:1.depression 2.unknown 3.waysmethods 4.regulating 5.connected 6.activitiessports 7.richhigh 8.Colour 9.plays 10.drive
Aspects
In wars
2.
In science circle
Means
Using codes and ciphers
Using codes
Cutting holes in two exact pieces of paper and writing the message 3．
Covering the trellis over the writing received to get
4.
5.
To 6. to troops
To know about business situations
To 9.
to themselves
To make the military leaders
7. of the situation of the war
8.
from opponents
Results
10. enemies
Achieving business goals
Sharing secrets messages
7
Wen Jiabao arrived in Singapore yesterday for an official visit to the country. It is the first visit by a Chinese premier to Singapore in eight years. In the arrival statement, When said he is looking forward to the meeting with Singing pore on ways to deepen East Asian cooperation between two nations so as to contribute to the building of a peaceful, harmonious relationship.
Premier Wen Jiabao and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong agreed to jointly develop an environmentally friendly city in northeastern China. The city will be a model for sustainable development, a Singapore government statement said. The Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city will be developed by a joint venture formed by Chinese and Singapore companies. This eco-city, to be built in Tianjin, will become another highlight in our relations, When said after signing an agreement with Lee, who agreed, On the Singapore side, on all levels, we'll give this project our full support.
The two sides will share expertise and experiences in urban planning, environmental protection, resources conservation, recycling, use of renewable resources and wastewater re-use. China's economic planning agency issued a set of guidelines earlier this month welcoming foreign investment in environmentally friendly areas such as recycling, clean industries and environmental protection.
Bilateral relations between China and Singapore have seen big progress even though the two countries established diplomatic ties only 17 years ago, When said during his talks with Lee.
China and Singapore have also kept close contact and coordination on regional issues, he added. When said China and Singapore are both important Asian countries that share common interests in many areas.
Title: Wens visit to Singapore
Main points
contexts
General(1)____ 0f Wens visit
To(2)_____ _ with Singapore
To(3)________ mutual relationship.
Agreements(4)_______ in the visit
Another(5)_________ friendly city to be built in Tianjin.
co-operation in city planning, environment protection, recycling and so on for(6)________ development.
co-operation in(7)_______ affairs for a (8)______ Asia.
Guidelines(9)________ by China
Chinas(10)___________ for clean industries and environmental protection.
Keys:1.aimspurposes 2.co-operate 3.strengthenpromote 4.reached
5.environmentally 6. sustainable 7.regional 8.peaceful 9.set 10.preference
8
The history and legend
The name of the Danish flag, the Dannefrog, meaning the flag of the Danes: or : the red flag, is fist encountered in the Danish text from 1478 and in a Netherlands text from 100 years before that. In the Netherlands armorial(GELre) from 1370-1386 a red banner wit5h white cross is annexed to the coat of arms of Vladimir IV Attended.
According to the legend, the Dannenberg fell from heaven from a battle in Estonia（爱沙尼亚）; this legend is mentioned in Christian Pedersens Danish Chronicle(编年史) from the beginning of the 1520s and by the Franciscan monk Peer Olsen c.1527. This latter relates the event to a battle in 1219.
The legend Presumably（椐推测） came into being around 1500 on the basis of the idea that the royal banner which King Hans lost at his defeat in the Demarches in Northern Germany in1500 was the Dannenberg that had fallen from heaven. In 1559 Frederic II recaptured （夺回）the banner and had it hung in Schleswig Cathedral in present-day northern Germany.
In a song from the campaign of 1500 the banner charged with the cross is associated with the Roman Emperor Constantines dream of the cross in 312 before the battle in which he became absolute monarch in the Roman Empire and according to tradition was converted to Christianity.
This vision of the cross, to which are linked the words in hoc signor vices(under this sign you shall be victories) is the prototype（原型）of the miracles in the shapes of crosses in the sky, which particularly in the Iberian Peninsula（伊比利亚半岛） were connected with battles between Christians and infidels（异教徒）.
The Danish flag
Name
The Dannenberg
Meaning
The flag of the Danes or the (1) flag
Design
A red banner with a (2) cross
Origin
Legend
The flag fell from the(3) during a battle in Estonia;
The legend came into (4) around 1500 on the (5) of the idea that the banner King lost at his (6) was the Dannenberg that had fallen from heaven.
Song
The banner charred with the cross is (7) with the Roman Emperors dream of the cross before the battle in(8)
He became absolute monarch
Vision
It is (9) to the wor5ds which indicate the victory and it is the prototype of miracles in the (10) of crosses in the sky.
Keys:1. red 2. white 3. heaven 4. being 5.basis 6.defeat 7.associated
8. which 9. linked 10. shape