浅谈英语构词法(三)之一
三 . 派生:指由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词的构词形式。
1. 前缀:一般而言,前缀只改变词的含意,并不改变词的词性,有些前缀如 en- , under- 等却使原词改变了词性,如 force ( n 力量) enforce ( v 加强);rich ( adj 富有) enrich ( v 使富裕);line ( n 线) underline ( v 在之下画线)。
①表示否定意义的前缀,往往使原词变成它的反义词。
前缀 含义 词根 派生词
dis- 不 like (喜欢) dislike (不喜欢)
un- 不 fair (公平) unfair (不公平)
il- 不;无 legal (合法的) illegal (非法的)
in- 不;非 correct (正确的) incorrect (不正确的)
im- 非 possible (可能的) impossible (不可能的)
ir- 不;非 regular (规则的) irregular (不规则的)
non- 无;非 smoker (烟民) non-smoker (不吸烟者)
en- 使 courage (勇气) encourage (鼓励)
fore- 前;预先 head (头) forehead (前额)
inter- 在之间 national (国家的) international (国际的)
kilo- 千 meter (米) kilometer (千米)
micro- 微量的;微小的computer (计算机) microcomputer (微机)
mid- 在中间 autumn (秋天) mid-autumn (中秋)
mis- 错误地 understand (理解) misunderstand (误解)
over- 在上,过分;超过 head (头) overhead (在头顶上的)
re- 再;重;又 build (修建) rebuild (重建)
seimi- 半 circle (圆) semicircle (半圆)
2. 后缀:通常情况下,后缀不但改变词,还改变词性,常见的后缀有动词后缀、副词后缀、形容词后缀和名词后缀。
①动词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-en 变得 wide (宽的) widen (加宽;变宽)
-ify 使 beauty (美) beautify (使漂亮)
-ize/ise 使 real(的) realize (实现)
②副词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-ly 在状态中 happy (高兴;幸福) happily (高兴地;幸福地)
-ward 朝方向/地方 back (后) backward (向后;朝后)
③形容词后缀:
后缀 含义 词根 派生词
-able/-ible 可的;能的 comfort (舒服) comfortable (舒适的)
-al/-ial 属于的;有特点 practice (练习) practical (实际的;可行的)
-ed 有特性的 interest (兴趣) interested (感兴趣的)
-ful 充满的 harm (伤害;损伤) harmful (有害的;致伤的)
-ish 有属性的 self (自己) selfish (自私的)
-i
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