浅谈英语构词法(二)
二 . 合成:指由两个或两个以上本身有独立含义的词合在一起组成一个有具体意义的新词的构词形式。
1. 合成形容词的常见构词形式:
⑴数词 + 名词
a five - year plan (五年计划);first-class products (一级品);second-hand goods (二手货);a four-word (四字成语)
⑵数词 + 名词 +ed
a three - legged bench (三条腿的登子);a one - eyed camel (一只眼的骆驼)
⑶数词 + 名词 + 形容词
a 20-year-old lady (一位 20 岁的女士);a 1,000-metre-long bridge (一座 1000 米长的桥)
⑷名词 + 现在分词
peace-loving (热爱和平的);meat-eating (食肉的);English-speaking (说英语的);history-making (创造历史的)
⑸名词 + 过去分词
heart-broken (伤心的);man-made (人造的);state-owned (国有的);water-covered (被水覆盖的)
⑹形容词 + 名词 +ed
absent-minded (漫不经心的);blue-eyed (蓝眼睛的);good-tempered (好脾气的);kind-hearted (和善的)
⑺形容词 + 现在分词
bad-looking (相貌丑陋的);fine-sounding (动听的);easy-going (容易相处的)
⑻形容词 + 名词
short-term (短期的);part-time (兼职的);high-class (高级的);large-scale (大规模的)
⑼副词 + 现在分词
hard-working (努力工作的);far-reaching (深远的);ever-lasting (永恒的)
⑽副词 + 过去分词
well-developed (高度发达的);well-known (著名的);well-trained (训练有素的)
⑾其他构词形式的合成形容词
all-round (全面的);face-to-face (面对面的);thank-you (感谢的);out-of-date (过时的)
2. 合成名词的常见构成形式:
①名词 + 名词
silkworm (蚕);footprint (脚印);newspaper (报纸);glasshouse (温室);bedroom (卧室)
②名词 + 动名词
handwriting (书法);sun-bathing (日光浴);sight-seeing (观光)
③形容词 + 名词
shorthand (速记);hotline (热线);blackboard (黑板)
④动名词 + 名词
waiting-room (候车室);sleeping-pill (安眠药);writing-desk (写字台);reading-room (阅览室)
⑤动词 + 名词
pickpocket (扒手);post office (邮局);playground (操场);break-water (防波堤)
⑥动词 + 副词
get-together (联欢会);break-through (突破);take-off (起飞);lookout (岗哨)
⑦副词 + 动词
downfall (垮台);overthrow (推翻);outbreak (爆发);income (收入;所得)
⑧其他构成形式的合成名词
well-being (福利);good-for-nothing (无用之人);by-product (副产品);touch-me-not (含羞草);self-improvement (自我完善);self-criticism (自我批评)
注意:合成词如果出现复数形式时通常在其后加 -s 或 -es ,如 by-products, reading-rooms, 但应特别注意: passers-by, lookers-on 等词语是在其表达该词中心含义的词上加 -s 或 -es .
3. 合成动词及其他合成词类:
overthrow (推翻);sleep-walk (梦游);undergo (经历);everything (一切);furthermore (而且);forever (永远);maybe (也许)[1][2][3]
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