随时间变坏的美语
食物放久了会变坏,美语里有些词似乎也随时间的增长而越变越坏,典型的例子是与气味有关的几个词。
stink (恶臭)曾用来比喻好闻的气味,以前有过这样的说法: That perfume of yours stinks (您用的香水很好闻)。后来 stink 经历了好闻、有味、恶臭的演变。例如,如果有人觉得某条狗身上有味,就会说 That dog stinks 。 stink 的变化也殃及了其它与气味有关的词,比如 smell (嗅)也由好闻逐渐变成有怪味的意思。现在如果说什么东西 smell ,一般都是指这东西不太好闻。就连 odor 这个以前常常用来形容 colorless and odorless (无色无味)的科学用语,也有变坏的趋势。越变越坏的词还有 sly ,以前意为睿智,现在指狡猾; politician 以前意为政治家,现在则指政客; crafty 以前意为专家;行家;里手,后来则指阴谋家; sharper 以前取 sharp (聪明、精明)之本意,指有这样品质的人,后来却意为骗子; cunning 这个词以前意思是善解人意( knowing ),如 This child is cute and cunning ,后来呢,便有了阴险狡诈的意思。
cynics 本来指古希腊苏格拉底的学生安提西尼创立的犬儒学派。该学派的人鄙视名利,要求人们克己无求,独善其身。久而久之,后人就用 cynics 来形容愤世嫉俗、满腹牢骚之人,这种人对任何事都看不惯,令人讨厌。还有一个词更有趣,那就是 bully ,这个词来源于德语 buole ,原意是情侣。 16 世纪时,英语里出现了这个词,意思是男朋友。到了 17 世纪 bully 则意为拉皮条的。如今,我们都知道 bully 是指那些专爱恃强凌弱的家伙。
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