■动词的分类
表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为行为动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类,有些动词是兼类词。如:
We have lunch at 12. 我们12点吃午饭。(have是行为动词)
We have been to New York. 我们去过纽约。(have是助动词)
W I am hungry. 我饿了。(am是连系动词)
She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助动词)
You neednt have waited for me. 你本来不必等我。(need是情态动词)
The door needs painting. 这个门需要油漆了。(needs及物动词)
■动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式:动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
A. 第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词后要加s或es,其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同:
1. 一般情况下只在动词后加s,如workworks, writewrites。
2. 以s, x, sh, ch结尾的动词,后加es,如guessguesses, mixmix, finishfinishes, catchcatches。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,改y为ies,如studystudies。
注:不规则变化的有havehas, beis, gogoes, dodoes等。
B. 现在分词的构成
1. 一般情况下在动词后加ing,如studystudying, workworking。
2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去掉e再加ing,如writewriting, movemoving。
3. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,要双写末尾一个辅音字母,再加ing,如getgetting, beginbeginning。
4. 以ie结尾的名词,一般将ie改为y,再加ing,如lielying, diedying, tietying。
注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如controlcontrolling;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如traveltraveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例:picnicpicnicking。
C. 过去式和过去分词的构成
1. 一般情况直接加ed,如askasked, workworked。
2. 以不发音的e结尾,只加d,如loveloved, dancedanced。
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾,把y变为ied,如trytried, studystudied。
4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,先双末尾一个字母,再加ed,如stopstopped, permitpermitted。
注:(A) 以l结尾的动词,尾音节重读时,双写l,如controlcontrolled;尾音节不重读时,双不双写都可以,如traveltraveled(美) /traveled(英) 。(B) 特例:picnicpicnicked。另外,还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的,需要熟记。
上一篇: 高考语法:引导时间状语从句的“一……就”
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