过去完成时:表示发生在过去的两个动作在前的那一个,它表示句子中描述的动作发生在过去的过去。
基本形式:过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,因此无人称变化
肯定式:I had/Id worked等
否定式:I had not/hadnt worked等
疑问式:had I worked等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadnt I worked等
时态用法:
1. 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式:
现在完成时:Ann has just left.If you hurry youll catch her.(安刚刚走。如果你快一点,就能追上她。)
过去完成时:When I arrived Ann had just left.(我到的时候,安刚刚离开。)
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说:He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.(他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。)
2.现在完成时可以和 since/for/always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动:
与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作。
1)在该时刻仍然在继续。
例如:Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for ten years.(我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了。)
2)在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。
例如:The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years, suddenly crashed to the ground.(屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。)
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示:
3)在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。
例如:He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married.(他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。)
3. 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
例如:He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then; now it was white.(1977年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的,这时已经全白了。)
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