知识点总结
一、陈述句
陈述句是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法的,陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。陈述句句末用句号,朗读时用降调。
1、肯定句的基本结构为:主+谓 He went to London to pass his holiday.
2、否定句的表达方式
(1)主语+be+not+表语 He is not a teacher.
(2)主语+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+其他 I dont think you are right.
He hasnt yet paid the money. (他尚未付钱。)
(3)使用not以外的否定词:
(a)副词:never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等 。She seldom comes to see me. (她不常来看我。)
(b)形容词:no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong Kong. (他在香港几乎没有朋友。)
(c)代词:nothing, nobody, none等。 I found nobody about computer. (在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)
二、疑问句
疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题,询问情况。分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实。答句通常是yes或no。
句型一:Be +主语+ ? Are these books on the d esk? 这些书在桌子上吗?
句型二:Do / Does / Did + 主语 +谓语+? Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗?
句型三:情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +?
Must I finish my homework now? 我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗?
句型四:Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词+?
Have you heard from him? 你收到他的来信吗?
另外,还有以be动词、助动词或情态动词的否定缩写形式开头的一般疑问句,这种句子一般表示请求、惊讶和对事物的看法等,回答时所用的yes和no表达的意思和汉语的习惯不同。例如; --Isnt he tall?难道他不高吗?
-- Ye s,he is.不,他很高。
2、特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如:
who is singing in the room?
what class are you in﹖
3、选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。选择疑问句的两种或两种以上的情况用or 连接,不能用yes或no回答,而是就其选择内容直接回答。这类疑问句有两种形式:
一种是:一般疑问句+or+被选择部分?, 这一类选择疑问句通常都是在前一个供选择的 答案用低升调,后一个用降调;如果有两个以上供选择的答案,则在最后一个用降调,其余都用低升调。例如: Would you like a gin,or a whisky,or a `beer? 你是要喝杜松子酒,还是威士忌酒,还是啤酒?
另一种是:特殊疑问句+被选择部分(A)+or+被选择部分(B)?,也是在语调上有所区别。例如: Which vase shall I use, the short one or the tall one ?
4、反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句,是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定,而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。其结构为:前一部分是一个陈述句,后一部分是一个简单的问句。完成后一部分简单问句时,要根据前面陈述句的动词时态和人称来选择适当的助动词进行提问,前后两部分的人称和动词时态要保持一致。如果前一部分用肯定式,后一部分一般用否定式;反之,前一部分为否定式,后一部分要用肯定式,即前肯定后否定,前否定后肯定。 例如:They work hard, dont they?
She was ill yesterday, wasnt she?
They havent been in beijing for three years,have they?
.反义疑问句的回答用yes, no, 但是,当陈述部分是否定形式时,回答要按事实。如:
They dont work hard, do they? 他们不太努力工作,是吗?
Yes, they do. 不,他们工作努力。/No, they dont. 对, 他们工作不努力。
注意:
1)当陈述句的主语是everyone, eve rybody, someone, somebody时,简短问句中的主语通常用they。如果陈述句的主语是非人称的复合词,如everything, something, anything, 则简短问句中相应的人称代词是单数的中性词it。后面的疑问句应表示 为:
I am a student, arent I
Everyone is in the classroom, arent they?
Everything begins to gro w in spring, doesnt it?
Nobody will go, will they?
2)当陈述部分是I think/believe/ expect/ suppose/imagine 加从句时,疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。 I think chickens can swim, cant they?
3)当陈述部分是祈使句时,一般情况 下用will you 或 wont you。
Give me a hand,will you?
4)以Lets开头的祈使句,疑问句必须用shall we;只有以Let usLet me开头的祈使句,问句才用will you。
5)There be 句型中,反义疑问部分必须为be 动词 + th ere.
6)当陈述部分有never,seldom, hardly,few,little,barely, nothing 等否定词时,后面的疑问句则必须用肯定式。
常见考法
对于陈述句和疑问句的考查,常会以单选,完形填空或句子填空的形式出现。考查知识点往往集中在反意疑问句的构成与回答、选择疑问句或陈述句与疑问句的转换方面。
典型例题:I dont think he is bright, ?
A is he B isnt he C do I D dont I
解析:本题考查反意疑问句的构成。当陈述部分是I think 加从句时,疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。所以排除C和D;主句部分dont表明是否定句,所以后面应用肯定形式。
答案:A
误区提醒
对于反意疑问句的回答,一定要根据事实来回答,尤其是前否定,后肯定的反意疑问句的回答,更是我们容易出错的地方,一定要注意哦!
典型例题:--Youve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you?
--_________. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World.
A Yes, I have B No, I havent C No, I have D Yes, I havent
解析:本题考查反意疑问句的回答。根据答语我多么希望去参观恐龙世界可知他没去过恐龙世界,没见过恐龙蛋,根据Yes+肯定事实和No+否定事实的原则,可以得出答案。
答案:B
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