afraid/ fear/ frightened
Ⅰ. afraid 害怕是形容词,只能作表语,而不能作定语,后接of 短语或不定式,构成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth
① She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。
② The little girl is afraid to go out at night.
afraid +that clause 恐怕, 是婉转拒绝别人的一种表达方式。 如:
① Im afraid (that) I cant go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去参加聚会了。我弟弟病了。
Ⅱ. fear 害怕是动词,与be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特别是在口语中)。如:
① We fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。
② He feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。
③ Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受凉,我走去看他。
Ⅲ. frightened adj 受惊吓的、害怕的可做表语,也可作定语。如:
① She is too frightened to move.她太害怕了不能动弹。
A frightened girl is crying. 一个受惊的女孩正在哭。
across/through/ over
Ⅰ. across 横过、穿过,指从的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如:
① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河(指从此岸到彼岸)
② Lets help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。
Ⅱ. through 穿过、通过指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过,含义与in有关。如:
① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。
② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。
Ⅲ. over横过、跨越指横过道路、河流等细长物时,与across通用。Over 虽可指从表面的接触及跳(飞)越,但指渡过则不能用。从房间、原野、海洋等平面延伸的一端横越到另一端时也不能使用。而常用across.
① She went across / over the bridge.
② He jumped across / over the stream他跳过了小溪。
③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游过了多佛尔海峡。
④ They drove across the desert. 他们驶过沙漠。
另外,over作介词还有翻过的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻过那座山。
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