2014中考英语语法考点：部分名词用法

　　The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老妇一个人在屋里。

　　可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone. 她独居。

　　Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗?

　　Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克独自在海滩漫步。

　　(注意：不可说very alone. 但可说very much alone.)

　　2lonely, 孤独的;寂寞的带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

　　可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

　　He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。

　　(lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。)

　　也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

　　a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄 (而alone不可作定语)

　　56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me / Lucy / my brother. (直接加人)

　　This suit is mine / Lucys / my sons / hers. (某物是某人的，所以用名词性物主代词。)

　　57.by常见用法：1通过I study English by memorizing grammar.

　　You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.

　　2截止到Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

　　The train had left by the time he got there.

　　3被This novel was written by Lu Xun.

　　4经过He passed by me without noticing me.

　　5在旁边Sit by me. They are playing by the river.

　　58.部分用in的短语： in a good way(用一个好方法), in the open air(在露天场所)

　　2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

　　The food in China is quite different from that in America.

　　The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.

　　that也可指上文所说的事：

　　A: I had an accident and broke my legs. B: Im sorry to hear that.

　　3 this 更多指下文所说的事：The reason is this : ..

　　4one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，指同一类物但不是同一个。

　　This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)

　　77.at / by the end of, in the end 的区别：

　　1at the end of +时间点或地点，在的尽头，在的末尾

　　They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (时间)

　　He put some books at the end of the bed. (地点)

　　2by the end of +时间点，截止到末

　　若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时： We had built ten buildings by the end of 2002. They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.

　　若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.

　　3in the end 最后，后不加of 短语：

　　They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.

　　78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点已去了(还未回来) -I cant find those children, where are they?

　　-They have gone to the farm. (去了农场，不在这儿)

　　2have been to+地点去过(原来去过，现在已回) 句尾常接次数或多个地点

　　或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

　　She has been to Qingdao three times. I have been to two big cities.

　　Have you been to Dalian before? I have never / ever been to Dalian.

　　I have never been there before. Where have you been? 你去哪儿了?(此行省略了to)

　　3have been in + 地点，已在(多久了) 句尾常接for + 时间段，或since + 时间点 / 一般过去时的句子。

　　Peter has been in China for a long time.

　　Ive been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短语省略了in)

　　79.all / whole用法：all (of) the land / all (of) the class / all (of) the students【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole day 【whole 在定冠词the 后】

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　　80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词。

　　Im a bit / a little hungry. She feels a bit / a little tired.

　　也都可作代词(或形容词)，后接不可数名词，但有所不同：

　　I have only a little drink. She ate a little bread and went out. (a little 直接加名词)

　　而下文：I have only a bit of drink. She ate a bit of bread. (a bit先加of，再跟名词)

　　81.擅长与不擅长： 对有利与对有害：

　　擅长：be good at / do well in He is good at math. = He does well in math.

　　不擅长：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

　　对有利：be good for 对有害：be bad for

　　82. 表数量的词与短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / more / plenty of / a lot of (lots of) / 后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。 2many / (a) few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。 3much / (a) little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

　　83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。

　　I really love reading. I really miss you. (修饰动词)

　　Tom speaks really quickly. 汤姆说得非常快。(修饰副词)

　　Its really kind of you. 你真好。 (修饰形容词)

　　2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像), move(使感动), excite(使激动)等等。常在句尾。

　　Jack wants to go there very much. 杰克很想去那儿。

　　I hate reciting the words very much. 我很讨厌背单词。

　　He enjoyed the film very much. 他很喜欢这部电影。

　　He takes after his mother very much. 他长得很像他妈妈。

　　(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：Im happy very much.是错误的。)

　　3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

　　She is very kind. I am very happy. Peter speaks very slowly.

　　(very不可修饰动词：I very like English. He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)

　　84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for(后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词);

　　since(后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词);

　　How long(对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词)

　　in / all ones life(在某人一生);in / during the past / last+时间段 (在最近的时间内) ;so far(到目前为止 ever;never;just;before(参见18之4) ;recently;.

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　　yet(用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中);

　　already (用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)

　　其中ever, just, never, already在句中时常放在动词过去分词前面。如：He has just gone.

　　85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语(划线部分)：

　　She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike.

　　形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

　　The girl is kind. His face turned red. It tastes sweet.

　　也可放在不定代词或不定副词后面作定语： somewhere warm; anything new (另见10)

　　2副词(以下划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子，如以下黑体字。

　　He ran quickly. Please speak in the class aloud. Tim lives alone. 修饰动词

　　She is very angry. He felt too tired. Im so lucky. 修饰形容词

　　He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修饰副词

　　Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修饰整个句子

　　86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，日常的。He is practicing everyday English. every day是副词，作时间状语，每天。We speak English every day.

　　87.everyone与every one: 1everyone每个人;大家;所有人，只指人。

　　后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.

　　2every one每一个既可指人，也可指物。后常接of短语。

　　Every one of us has a dictionary. Every one of the trees is tall.

　　88.none与no one: 1no one没有一人只指人, 后不接of短语。

　　No one has been to Beihai Park. No one told us about it.

　　(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

　　2none没有人;没有任何东西既可指人，也可指物;既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

　　None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.

　　(此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one)

　　A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.

　　(对话中none单独用，不指人，故不用no one. 另见114)

　　89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前无冠词，且不用复数)

　　2on a horseback / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠词或限定词)

　　He is talking with his teacher. May I talk to you?

　　(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth)

　　2tell只作及物动词,告诉;讲。常接双宾结构(tell sb sth.)

　　Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news?

　　3say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。 (所接内容见以下划线部分)

　　Please say it in English. He said nothing. Please show me what to say..

　　I disagree with you. said Tom. What will you say? Do you have anything to say?

　　say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.

　　I overslept this morning. he said to me.

　　4speak ●说话不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.

　　●接人时先加介词to. May I speak to Mr. Smith?

　　●可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now. 这个婴儿现在能说话。

　　There is something wrong with his throat, he cant speak. 他的喉咙有病，说不成话。

　　●也可译为演讲，发言Who will speak in the meeting?

　　●也可译为说，作及物动词，后接语言。Do you speak English / Chinese?

　　61.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time:

　　sometimes: 有时=at times. He is sometimes late for school. (sometimes在be后)

　　I sometimes forgot my homework. (sometimes在实义动词前)

　　Sometimes he becomes very angry. (sometimes 也可放在句首或句尾)

　　some times: 几次I have been to Nanjing some times.

　　sometime: 某一时刻 I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。

　　Well meet again sometime next week. 我们下星期某个时候会再见面的。

　　some time: 一段时间We have to stay here for some time.

　　62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词(和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中)： Need I go now? (need 放在一般疑问句的开头)

　　I neednt tell you the answer. (否定句中直接在need后加not)

　　【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

　　2need 可当行为动词(和want 等用法类似)：

　　He needs a bike. (后可直接加名词)

　　I need to go over my lessons. (后可接带to不定式)

　　Do you need to have a rest? (一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首)

　　We dont need to wait for her coming. (否定句中do, does, did提前)

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　　【 注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为： The TV needs to be repaired.

　　= The TV needs repairing.】

　　63.do with 与deal with: 都译为处理，对付，安排，应付

　　What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

　　How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

　　下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk?

　　Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?

　　64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong.

　　There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型)

　　Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work.

　　Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.

　　65.主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. (单数谓语)

　　Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

　　This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主语是pair, 谓语用单数)

　　The shoes look beautiful. (此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数)

　　Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (此结构中用单数谓语)

　　The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.

　　(the 加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)

　　Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)

　　The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

　　Both you and I are excited about the news. (both..and 做主语，谓语用复数)

　　the number of与a number of参见39. (分数表达见50, 其它见74之5)

　　66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，不定冠词常放在后面。

　　Its quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy.

　　Its such an important lesson.(另见33) Lily is really a lazy girl.

　　67.部分用what 提问的句型：

　　What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的?

　　What will you do with the problem? 你将怎样处理这个问题?

　　Whats the population of China? 中国的人口是多少?

　　What day is it today?今天星期几? Whats the date today? 今天几月几号?

　　Whats the price of this one? 这个价钱是多少?

　　Whats your address? 你的地址是什么?

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　　Whats your phone number? 你的电话号码是多少?

　　68.there be部分用法：●there be 后跟的是名词。如：There will be rain tomorrow.

　　此处名词rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。

　　●常有以下结构: there may / will / must / is going to / used to /be.

　　●there be中不可再出现have / has / had (译为有) 的词。

　　●there be 后接的是表示泛指的名词，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk.

　　There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf.

　　●There is only a student taking notes now. (划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing)

　　There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do.

　　(划线部分逻辑上不是主谓关系，动词常用带to 不定式。)

　　●反意疑问句用法见45。

　　69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前缀如dis--, un--, in--, im--, mis--或后缀如less等词并不表否定。)

　　有些词或短语有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, tooto

　　without anything, too tired to go any further

　　70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。 (have使、让，可接动词原形，其它用法，另见36)

　　【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 动原;

　　而please加dont + 动原】

　　71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / preferto/ cant help(禁不住) / be busy / be worth(值得) / take turns(轮流) / miss(错过) / spend / have fun / 介词等。

　　72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓励)/ ask / tell / pretend(假装) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (为了) 等等。

　　疑问词后也可跟带to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。

　　【否定形式：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】

　　73.被动语态 (be + 动词过去分词) 用法：1主动语态为下列情况时被动语态的变化：

　　一般情况：I saw the accident . The accident was seen by me.

　　We often do homework at night. Homework is often done at night.

　　双宾情况:He told us a story.We were told a story.(无to)A story was told to us.(有to)

　　She passed me a pen.I was passed a pen.(无to)A pen was passed to me. (有to)

　　情态动词:We can make a plan. A plan can be made.

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　　进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done)

　　完成时态：I have finished the work. The work has been finished. (have been done)

　　被动语态其它用法分别见6和36.

　　2被动语态常跟的介词：(以下面短语为例)

　　be made in + 地点 These watches are made in Shanghai.

　　be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. (仍能看出木头)

　　be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. (看不出木头)

　　be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. (用于商业目的)

　　This machine is used for cutting things. (用于切割东西)

　　be used as 被用来当作 English is used as a foreign language in China.

　　be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily.

　　be filled with / be covered with是固定短语，分别译为被充满了和被覆盖着

　　The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice.

　　The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees.

　　74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ;

　　a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners

　　被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数;被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

　　2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

　　a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词, 定语不再变复数。

　　3a boys team / a gentlemens holiday / Teachers Day / Childrens Day / Nurses Day

　　复数 + s 作定语，译为的

　　4Fathers Day / Mothers Day 此处单数 + s 作定语。

　　5and连接的名词所属格：Lucys and Anns fathers are workers. 分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加 s，做主语时谓语用复数。而下一句： Lucy and Anns father is very interesting. 两人共有的爸爸，两人后只加一个 s. 做主语时谓语用单数。

　　75.win与beat区别：都有赢的意思。 win后加物：Im sure Jim will win the match.

　　We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我们赢了第一名。

　　而beat后加的是人，也可译为打败：Im afraid they will beat us.

　　I hope we can beat the boys team. (男子队，相当于人。)

　　76.it / that / this / one当代词时的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。

　　This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所说的事：

　　My son has lost himself in the computer games. Im worried about it.

　　in a hurry(匆忙), in pen / ink(用钢笔 / 墨水) (见105), in style(时新的)

　　in the day(在白天)(见92), in different sizes(以不同的大小), in red(穿着红衣服)in different shapes(以不同的形状) in a difficult situation(在困难情况下)

　　in good health(身体健康) in a red coat(穿着红外套)(见46), in English(用英语)

　　in the way(挡道) in a low voice(用低的声音) in order to(为了，后接动词原形)

　　59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

　　much / manymoremost bad / badly / illworseworst

　　farfarther / furtherfarthest / furthest littlelessleast

　　fewfewerfewest oldolder / elderoldest / eldest

　　2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比较级)

　　He did better than any other student in the school. (用比较级。另见48的other用法，)

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　　Tom is the cleverest boy in his class. (某个范围内，用最高级)

　　He is the taller of the two (boys). (两者，用比较级。)

　　(注意：此句型中比较级前加the。而一般情况下比较级前不加the.最高级前才加the.)

　　He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all. He jumped (the) farthest of the four.

　　(以上两句都指三者或更多，用最高级。前句因the在形容词最高级前，不可省略;而后句因the在副词前， 可以省略。)

　　Which is better, tea or milk? (两者选择，用比较级。)

　　Which is the best, tea, milk or water? (三者或更多中选择，用最高级。)

　　Its the second longest river in China. (序数词后的形容词或副词用最高级形式。)

　　3越来越结构：比较级 + and + 比较级

　　He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越来越厉害了。 She is getting taller and taller.

　　类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

　　/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse

　　多音节词或部分双音节词：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully / interesting

　　4越, 越 the+比较级分别置于两句的开头，作为倒装成份。

　　The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.英语越困难，你就要越努力。

　　The younger we are, the more energy we have. 我们越年轻，我们就越有活力。

　　The more you eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就变得越胖。

　　5越来越多的more and more + 名词 (既有可数名词，也有不可数名词。)

　　More and more people are getting richer and richer.

　　We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water . (与3所接形 / 副不同)

　　6得多much + 形容词 / 副词比较级

　　This room is much bigger than that one.

　　类似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster / earlier / better

　　注意多音节词或部分双音节词：much more careful / difficult / tiring / mysterious

　　7另外的(个) 结构：数量 + more + 名词，如two more students另两个学生

　　以下类似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth,

　　some more meat, a lot more wood, a little more experience,

　　once more = one more time = again. 上述结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

　　five more trees = another five trees (记住词的位置) (另见48， another)

　　60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

　　Dont talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study? 　3in his / a car (car前用in) 4on foot

　　5动词短语: ride a bike / a horse; drive a car; walk; take a plane / taxi / bus; fly等。

　　90.kind of 与kinds of: 1kind of 单独用，表示有点，后接形容词或副词：

　　He is kind of thin.他有点瘦 I feel kind of hungry.我有点饿

　　Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly. 王叔叔说得有点快。

　　2若kind of前有a, this, that, what等，译为种，种类 后加名词。

　　That kind of question is difficult to answer. 那类问题难回答。

　　What kind of sport do you like best? 你最喜欢何种运动?

　　3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...各种各样的... many kinds of很多种类的

　　different kinds of不同种类的 后都加名词。

　　91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind一阵强风 a heavy rain

　　一场大雨 heavy snow大雪 (以上修饰词与后面名词组成了名词短语)

　　blow hard猛烈地吹 snow heavily下大雪 rain hard / heavily下大雨

　　(以上修饰词与前面动词组成了动词短语)

　　92.day的部分用法：1in eight days8天后 (in + 时间段 .时间后. )

　　2in the day / daytime在白天 (前加in)

　　3on Teachers Day / May Day on Monday(表节日或星期几，前用on. 另见110)

　　4(in) those / these days在过去 / 现在= in the old days (用in)

　　5today, next / last / this / that / every / all day等前面常不加介词。

　　93.个别名词的部分用法：1family家庭;家庭成员指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式;指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：

　　His family is going to move. My family is large. (以上指整体，谓语用单数)

　　My family are very well.我全家人很健康。 (指成员，谓语用复数)

　　类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.

　　2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：

　　The police are searching for a man with a big nose. The cattle have been killed .

　　3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同： a deer (一只鹿) / two deer (两只鹿)

　　a fish (一条鱼) / two fish (两条鱼) a sheep (一只羊) / some sheep (一些羊)

　　另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)

　　4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：

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　　man woman foot tooth

　　mouse childchildren; oxoxen (公牛)

　　5有些名词通常只有复数形式 (左右对称的)：

　　scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (裤子) glasses(眼镜)

　　6有些名词只是不可数名词： Its such great fun. What fun! What good news!

　　I wont do anything in such bad weather. Can you tell me some information?

　　I like music which is popular. 类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge

　　94.leave的用法：1leave可指离开leave Zhengzhou离开郑州

　　leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉

　　leave for Wuhan动身到武汉 (for后接目的地，而不是出发地)

　　2leave留下;忘记 I left my backpack at home.

　　leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。如：Sorry, I forgot the money.

　　95. ill与sick的区别：1都可译为生病的。ill只在系动词后作表语：

　　Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today.

　　但sick既可作表语： Her mother was sick / ill in bed. (作表语常是美国英语用法)

　　也可作定语(即后接名词)：Jane is taking care of her sick mother.

　　(此处是定语，不可用ill. 原因见下文ill用法)

　　2若ill作定语，译为坏的，恶劣的an ill person一个坏人

　　sick作表语时也常译为恶心的，想吐的。

　　The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.

　　96.return用法：1返回，相当于go back / get back / come back..

　　如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.

　　(当返回时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.)

　　2归还，相当于give back如：I have returned the dictionary.

　　(当归还时是及物动词，后直接加物，不加to. 同样不可再跟back.)

　　You should return the piano to Dick on time. (后接有人时，方可加to)

　　97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite + 名词 某人最喜欢的...。同样，形容词性物主代词 + own + 名词某人自己的...

　　如：My favorite animal is dog. He found his own bike.

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　　98.stop / start (begin) / forget (remember) / like / go on等动词：

　　1stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事。He was tired, so he stopped working.

　　stop to do sth. 停下来做某事(stop后是将要做的事)。

　　He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.

　　有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.

　　2start / begin doing / to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start / begin后只接to do:

　　★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.

　　★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt. 冰开始融化。

　　★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.

　　3forget / remember to do sth. 忘记 / 想起将要做的事。

　　forget / remember doing sth. 忘记 / 想起已经做过的事。

　　4◆like doing sth. (因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)

　　Jack likes sleeping in the class. (在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。表习惯。)

　　Jim doesnt like helping others. (无助人的习惯或爱好)

　　◆like to do sth(因明智或正确而喜欢) She likes to help others. (助人正确，所以喜欢。)

　　I dont like to play in the street. (在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)

　　大多情况下区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.

　　5go on doing sth.继续做某事(上文所做的事) go on to do sth接下来做另一件事.

　　99.人称代词形式：

　　主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词

　　作主语作宾语后要再接名词后不再接名词主宾一致

　　Imemy ( pen / house...)minemyself

　　you(你)youyour (bag / car...)yoursyourself

　　hehimhis (desk / coat...)hishimself

　　sheherher (hair / books...)hersherself

　　ititits (tail / face...)itsitself

　　weusour (teachers / room...)oursourselves

　　you(你们)youyour (class / city...)yoursyourselves

　　theythemtheir (school / seats...)theirsthemselves

　　(如果动词的施动者，即主语，和动词或介词后相应的宾格代词是相同的人或物时，

　　其宾格代词要用反身代词： I teach myself English. We solved the problems ourselves.

　　Lucy hurt herself by accident. You have to take care of yourself.)

　　100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：onefirst twosecond threethird fivefifth eighteighth nineninth twelvetwelfth twentytwentieth (thirty, forty, fifty..都变y为i加 eth.)

　　另外，四十forty; 无字母u. 第九ninth无字母e.

　　101.room / space / place: 1room房间(可数)a room / two rooms

　　空间(不可数)：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。

　　Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗?

　　Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗?

　　2space空间普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与时间(time)为相对概念。

　　in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间(太空) time and space时间和空间

　　Is there any space for me in the car? 车里有给我留的空间吗?(此处和room的含义相当)

　　3place地方(可数)，指某一具体地点。

　　I want to live in a place which is warm in winter. 我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方。

　　Mount Chaya is a wonderful place. 嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。

　　102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：

　　1China中国 Chinese(无复数形式)中国人(的)/ 中文(的)/ 中国的

　　a Chinese/ two Chinese一个 / 两个中国人 Japan, Japanese 和此类似。

　　2England英国(原义：英格兰) (= Britain)

　　English(无复数形式)英国人(的)/ 英语(的)/ 英国的

　　He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)他是英国人

　　注意复数：They are English. = They are Englishmen. (变为men)

　　3France法国 French(无复数形式)法国人(的) / 法语(的) / 法国的

　　The lady is French. (前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)

　　注意复数：The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen.

　　4Germany德国 German德国人(的) / 德语(的) / 德国的

　　The boy is a German. (前有冠词) The boys are Germans.(复数加s.)

　　5America美国 American美国人(的)/ 美国的

　　He is American.(前常无冠词) They are Americans.(复数加s)

　　103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)噪音 noisy(形容词); noisily(副词)

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　　◆health(名词)健康 healthy(形容词); healthily(副词)

　　◆luck(名词)运气 lucky(形容词)幸运的 luckily(副词)

　　◆succeed(动词)成功 success(名词); successful(形容词); successfully(副词)

　　◆save(动)救 safe(形)安全的 safety(名)安全，安全场所safely(副) 安全地

　　◆true(形)真的，对的 truly(副)真正地 truth(名)真理, 事实

　　◆terrible(形容词)难受的，可怕的 terribly(副词)可怕地

　　104. job与work: 1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher. Jobs are not easy to get.

　　2work, 不可数：I cannot find work in this town. Have you finished your work?

　　105.with和in表示用：1with用工具：write with a pen / a pencil / a piece of chalk

　　2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen (材料前无冠词)

　　106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点 如7:20seven twentytwenty past seven;

　　2:02two oh twotwo past two 以上情况不可用带to的表达，但可用past。

　　2分钟已过半点 如5:45five forty-fivea quarter to sixfifteen to six

　　1:58one fifty-eighttwo to two 以上情况不可用past, 但可用to.

　　3刚好半点，如9:30nine thirtyhalf past nine

　　4刚好整点，如11:00eleven oclock 15:00fifteen oclock

　　107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1Its kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真好。

　　解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me. 形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是of. 又如：

　　Its very clever of you to do it in such a way. 你用那种方法做它可真太聪明了。(指人聪明)

　　2Its easy for you to do the work. 对你来说做这事是容易的。

　　解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy. 而是To do the work is easy。不是说人，而是说事。此情况下介词用的是for. 又如：Its dangerous for us to climb the mountain. 不是说我们是危险的，而是说爬山这件事是危险的。故用for.

　　108. take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为拿。

　　◆take拿走，从说话人处带到另一处。 Could you take the rubbish out when you leave?

　　◆bring带来，从另一处带到说话人处。 Dont forget to bring your homework here tomorrow.

　　◆fetch去拿来，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。

　　如： When you go back to the classroom, please fetch me my pen.

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　　◆carry拿、搬、扛，没有特定方向。 Tim is carrying a box.

　　109. 条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换。注意以下句子结构有何不同。

　　1If you work hard, you will achieve your dream. 含条件句，相当于：

　　Work hard, and you will achieve your dream. 含祈使句，根据句意，用and连接后一句子。

　　2If you dont listen carefully, you wont understand it. 相当于：

　　Listen to me carefully, or you wont understand it. 根据句意，用or (否则)连接后一句子。

　　110. in / on / at + 时间：1in three days (时间后，常用一般将来时。另见92)

　　in September(in跟月) in 1998(in跟年) in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)

　　in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night (morning / afternoon / evening / night若无前置或后置修饰词时， 用in the 短语。) (in其它用法见58)

　　2on Christmas Eve; on October 1st; (on跟日)

　　on Sunday evenings; on a cold morning; on a windy night.

　　on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.

　　(morning / afternoon / evening / night若有前置或后置修饰词时，如以上划线词，

　　前面用的是on. 而若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in. 如：in an early morning )

　　on Fridays; on New Years Day; (另见92)

　　3at 6:00; at Christmas; at noon; at night

　　111. one day与someday / some day的区别：

　　1one day某一天，有一天 既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。

　　One day, a stranger came to my house. (指过去的一天，用过去时。)

　　I will achieve my dream one day. 某天我会实现梦想的。 (指将来，用将来时)

　　2someday = some day (将来的)某一天用一般将来时。可以和one day互换。

　　Well beat them someday. 有朝一日我们会打败他们的。

　　Im sure I can win someday. 我确信某天我会嬴。

　　112. missing与lost: 都可译为丢失的，失踪的

　　但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。

　　My pen is lost / missing. (表语) Ive found the missing / lost book. (定语)

　　113.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。

　　sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售. The price of the shoes is high / low.

　　2number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰：The number of the students is big.

　　3quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。

　　4population(人口)常用big / large和small修饰：China has a large population.

　　(以上词都不用many, much修饰。)

　　114.个别疑问句的常见否定回答：

　　1What is on the desk? Nothing. (不用none)

　　2Who is in the classroom? Nobody. (不用none)

　　3How much water is in the bottle? None. (不用nothing)

　　How many people are in the room? None. (不用nobody)

　　(how many / much都是对数量提问，所以用相应表数量的词none回答，

　　而what / who不表数量，故不用none回答)

　　115.fun的用法：fun虽然有时有形容词的含义，但大多情况下仍然是不可数名词。

　　所以大多仍具备名词的用法。识记以下句型或短语，也基本掌握了其用法。

　　What fun! 多么有趣啊!(what 跟名词) Its such great fun. 这可真有趣。(such加名词)

　　Skating is great fun. 滑冰太有意思了。(be good / great fun)

　　have fun (in) doing sth 做某事很快乐 make fun of 取笑

　　It sounds like fun. 这听起来有趣。(like，像，加名词)

　　116.except / except for / besides: 都译为除了之外

　　1except后面的人或物不包括在前面对象当中。 We all failed except him.

　　我们都失败了，除了他。 此话意味着他没有失败。我们不包括他。

　　2except for 说明整个基本情况后，对细节加以纠正。

　　The book is good except for its price. 书很好，就是太贵。

　　He is an able man except for bad memory. 他是个有才能的人，就是记忆力差了点。

　　(这一短语有时也可等同于except以及besides.但暂不要求掌握。)

　　3besides和except正好相反，后面的人或物包含在前面对象当中。

　　We all succeeded besides him. 除了他成功外，我们也都成功了。我们当中包括他。

　　117.常见带to为介词而不是不定式的短语：

　　preferto(见27); look forward to (期待;渴望); pay attention to(注意);

　　be used to (习惯于，见37); (以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式)

　　the key to(的钥匙, 的答案, 后者等于the answer to); the ticket to(的票);

　　the solution to (的解决办法) reply to (.的答复); lead to (引起)

　　118.because与why的部分用法：若分别引导从句，即在Its / Thats 等之后，则because后表原因，why后表结果。如： I came late today. Its because the bus broke down on the way.

　　和下文比较：The bus broke down on the way. Thats why I came late.

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　　又如：He broke my window, thats why I was angry. 和下文比较：

　　I was angry with him, thats because he broke my window.

　　119.no与not的区别：

　　◇no表无，没有接名词，等于not one, not a, not any:

　　There is no water in the river. (=not any water)

　　I have no book to read. (=I dont have a book to read.)

　　◇no表不许，不可用not. 如： No parking. 禁止停车 No photos. 不许拍照

　　◇no表不，后接形容词或副词，相当于not (any).

　　He feels no worse.他不再感觉难受了。 =He doesnt feel any worse.

　　类似，no more = not any more.

　　◇在对问题的否定回答时，要用no，与yes对应。不用not. 见122.

　　120. Thats all right / All right / Thats right. 的区别：

　　Thats all right. = Thats OK. 没什么，别客气，是对对方道谢或道歉时的回答。

　　All right. = OK. 行，好，可以，表示同意。

　　Thats right. = You are right. 你说的对;对，表示认同对方的观点。

　　121.on表方式的用法(常译为靠，借助)：I hear music on the radio.

　　He learns English on TV. He found out the information on the Internet.

　　Tom learned the news on the newspaper. John saw Effel Tower on the film.

　　He told me the news on the phone. (注意：TV前无the.)

　　122.用yes与no回答时要注意的问题：说话人用yes或no回答对方时，并不表示对对方的观点的赞同或反对，而是在表达自己的看法。如下文几种情况：

　　He isnt Tom. / He is Tom. Is he Tom? / Isnt he Tom?

　　He is Tom, isnt he? / He isnt Tom, is he?

　　对以上各句的回答，若是：Yes, he is.则都指他是Tom.

　　而若用No, he isnt.回答，则都指他不是Tom. 同样，以下所有句子：

　　Lucy likes music, doesnt she? / Lucy doesnt like music, does she?

　　Lucy likes music. / Lucy doesnt like music.

　　Does Lucy like music? / Doesnt Lucy like music?

　　回答人若用yes，都表示Lucy喜欢音乐; 若用no, 都表示Lucy 不喜欢音乐。