纵观考生雅思、托福写作的问题,主要失分点在于:
一、英语基本功差
主要反映在受汉语思维影响而导致词汇运用不当,句中动词使用混乱,句与句杂乱地混编在一起。
二、汉语翻译痕迹明显
有的句子恐怕只有中国人才能理解是什么意思,究其原因就是生硬地翻译了汉语表达方式。
三、套路化痕迹明显
很多老师授课过程中刻意突出写作套路,学生也千方百计背诵写作套路,导致展现在阅卷官面前的作文框架甚至很多语句千篇一律、如出一辙,从而极大地损害了得分。
四、通篇框架散乱
主要表现就是:总论点表达不清晰、分论点支持不到位,甚至意思稚嫩。
怎么办?
练好基本功
英语基本功的打造固然需要时间去做积累,比如做到单词的恰当使用就绝非一朝一夕的事情;但是,具备了一定水平后,只要熟知某些基本规律,是可以让自己的书面表达发生质的变化的。
Part I:一个公式
我们都知道英语与汉语在表达顺序上存在很大的差异,因此,这里我们先引出一个英语表达顺序的公式来。请记住:英语的表达语序基本上遵循以下这个顺序:6-1-2-3-4-5-6,6123456
说明:6的位置很灵活,可以放前,也可以放后。
示例:
I ate an apple.
I ate an apple with a fork .
I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen.
I ate an apple with a fork in the kitchen this morning.
以上四个句子从1-2-3模式一直到1-2-3-4-5-6模式,请大家逐个翻译一下,仔细对比英语顺序与汉语顺序的差异。
结论:英语和汉语在表达的最核心内容上是一致的:即一个句子的1-2-3是相同的;但是,在有了4-5-6后,汉语表达方式与英语这个自然表达顺序产生了巨大的词序差异:
汉语次信息先出现;英语主信息先出现。
再如:
我喜欢那个女孩子
我喜欢那个穿红衣服的女孩子
我喜欢那个穿红衣服的不喜欢我的女孩子
这三个句子的核心内容都是:I like that girl.
再如:
我打死一只苍蝇
我用手打死一只苍蝇
我用手打了三次打死一只苍蝇
我用手打了三次并在我助理的帮助下打死了一只苍蝇
这四个句子的核心内容都是:I killed a fly .
Part II:逗号原则
在一个句子的前面如果有内容,那么,请记住:
1.不到3个单词时,可以用逗号与后面句子分隔开来,也可以不用逗号分隔,具体情况根据说话人自己确定的停顿语气长短来确定。
示例1:At last he stopped playing the piano .
示例2:Sadly he picked up the broken glass and went into the room.
2.达到或超过3个单词时,必须用逗号与后面句子分隔开来。
示例1:In the end, I could not bear it.
示例2:To my surprise, he bought me a ticket!
Part III:1个main verb原则
理论上讲:一个句子只应该有一个为主的动词。
但是,实际运用的过程中,我们会发现一个句子中有多个动词,此时就需要:
标记清楚这些动词彼此间的逻辑关系!
这里的逻辑关系有两种情况:
1.并列
2.从属
并列关系
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:sat与said之间没有标记逻辑关系,错误!可以添加and,形成并列关系,即:
I sat down beside her and said nothing.
示例2:I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me come back.
分析:这里有5个动词,都没有标记逻辑关系,错误!通过分析,我们看到:entered和saw可以并列,因为它们拥有共同的1,即:I;sit和wait可以并列,因为它们拥有共同的1,即:mother,但这两组动词之间就不能再并列了,因为无法这么做。这就意味着:这句话里的动词有的可以并列,而有的不可以。
示例3:I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes.
分析:opened,took out,sat down,started这四个动词拥有共同的1,即:I,而且都是这个1直接行使或发出的动作,所以,可以采取并列关系;但take因为有个过渡层,而且在时态上也与其它动词处于不平衡状态,因此并列处理不合适。
从属关系
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:动词关系混乱,假如想确保sat,则需要牺牲后面的said,即:
I sat down beside her, saying nothing.
假如确保后面的said,则需牺牲前面的sat:
Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.
示例2:To quit smoking, I eat candies .
不定式常常用来表示目的。
Part IV:一个句子一个句号的原则
理论上讲,一个句子一个句号,但是,实际运用中会有几个甚至多个句子摆放在一起共享一个句号,此时应该怎么办呢?
答案很简单:标记清楚这些句子间的逻辑关系。有两种:
并列关系
示例1:I sat down beside her. I said nothing.
变为:I sat down beside her and I said nothing.
示例2:He asked me a question. I answered him.
变为:He asked me a question and I answered him.
从属关系
1)运用各类从句,形成主从符合句,主要包括:
状语从句
宾语从句
定语从句
主语从句
同位语从句
2)运用非谓语动词进行从属方式的处理。此时,部分句子的主要动词变成了动词的非谓语形式,致使整体的复杂句式变成了简单句式,主要手段就是按照规则进行了下列三种形态的变化:
动词的ing形式
动词的过去分词形式
动词不定式形式
从属关系示例
示例1:When he asked me a question, I answered him.
示例2:I was so angry that I beat him up!
示例3:If you ask me why, I will answer because!
示例4:Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.
示例5:Although I have tried my best, I cant win her heart.
示例6:Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.
示例7:I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic.
非谓语动词方式处理示例
示例1:I sat beside her. I felt very nervous .
可变为:Sitting beside her, I felt very nervous.
或者:I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.
示例2:I want to quit smoking. I eat candies.
可变为:To quit smoking, I eat candies.
示例3:A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.
可以变为:Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.
示例4:Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo.
可以变为:Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
定语从句方式处理
定语从句当然是属于从属的行列,所以,是处理为从属方式的手段之一,而且用途极大。请看下面的例子:
This is the only book.
I read the book during the holiday.
两句的重合点在the book上面;将第二句中的the book抽出来,放到第一句book后面,其它内容向后甩。这样,我们就会看到the only book后面马上又在重复the book。为了避免重复,我们去掉the book,而换用另外一个词去替换,这个词就是定语从句中指物的which或that。因为这里的book有only在修饰,所以,最终我们选用that;又因为that在定语从句中作宾语,所以,可以省略。这样,两句就合并为:
This is the only book I read during the holiday.
下面两句的合并遵循同样的原则:
She is the girl.
The girls father is my boss.
She is the girl the girls father is my boss
She is the girl who father is my boss.
She is the girl whose father is my boss.
结束语:
这些内容貌似简单,其实恰恰是高水平阶段常犯的错误,非常令人费解。我辅导了多位从国外留学归来再参加雅思与托福考试的同学,包括在国外学习了8年之久的,可惜,还是频频违规。
上一篇: 雅思写作的考前冲刺方法
下一篇: 雅思写作经典句型:名词性复合句
体坛英语资讯:Japan defeats South Korea in ice hockey preliminary at Asian Winter Games
体坛英语资讯:Sevilla thrash Villarreal 3-0 to reach Copa del Rey semifinal
体坛英语资讯:Glimpse of hope for China to book Olympic womens soccer berth
体坛英语资讯:Russia becomes official host of 2018 FIFA World Cup
体坛英语资讯:Ice hockey body plans to restart Champions League
体坛英语资讯:Li Na beats world No.1 Wozniacki in Australia Open
体坛英语资讯:Milan move four points clear with 2-0 win over Cesena
体坛英语资讯:Bundesliga club Wolfsburg sign Mbokani and Lakic
体坛英语资讯:Lin Dan, Wang Meng win Chinas CCTV Sports Personality of the Year
体坛英语资讯:Flamengo beats Americano 2-0
体坛英语资讯:25th Winter Universiade starts in Turkey
体坛英语资讯:Chinese Li cruises into semifinals at Australian Open
体坛英语资讯:Leverkusen jumps on second of German Bundesliga
体坛英语资讯:Safina, Ivanovic crashes out on round one of Australian Open
体坛英语资讯:Bordeaux sacks striker Maazou on hostile remarks
体坛英语资讯:Roma move to second with win over Cagliari
体坛英语资讯:Fluminense wins season opener in last minutes
体坛英语资讯:Memphis Grazzliess Mayo suspended 10 games for positive test
体坛英语资讯:American cycling hero Armstrong leads ride for Australias Queensland flood relief
体坛英语资讯:Dutch striker Babel completes move from Liverpool to Hoffenheim
体坛英语资讯:Federer, Roddick, Wozniacki, Venus reach Australian Open third round
体坛英语资讯:Djokovic advances to 4th round of Australian Open as Troicki retires with stomach strain
体坛英语资讯:Benzema heroic as Madrid graft win over Mallorca
体坛英语资讯:Barcelona all but asure place in Copa del Rey final
体坛英语资讯:Roddick, Sharapova eliminated from Australian Open; Federer, Wozniacki, Li Na remains
体坛英语资讯:Real Madrid close to Copa del Rey final after win in Sevilla
体坛英语资讯:Ecuadorian tennis player Lapentti retires
体坛英语资讯:Murray destroys Garcia-Lopez in 3rd round Australian Open
体坛英语资讯:Spains cyclist Garcia banned two years for doping
体坛英语资讯:Real Madrid confirm Adebayor signing