自相矛盾的词 cleave
先考一下大家的词汇功底吧,请看以下词语:“sanction”, “fast”,“table”,“cleave”, 它们有什么共性呢? 答案是, 每个词自身都有两个相反的意思: Sanction(批准;制裁),fast(不动的;快速的),table(提出;搁置),cleave(劈开;粘住)。
很奇怪吧?之所以出现这种情况,其中一个原因是:互为矛盾的两个词义本身来自不同的词根,由于词根发音相同,其在演变过程中由“同音异形异义”转化成了“同音同形异义”。下面我们就以cleave 为例来看一下“自相矛盾”的词是如何产生的。 Cleave的两个意思分别来自两个不同的德语词根cleofan(劈开、切)和cleofian(粘住,坚守)。由于发音相同,两个德语词进入英语词汇后,被人们写成了相同的形体cleave。
举两个例子:
He is a man that cleaves to his principles.(他原则性很强。) Driven by the wind, clouds gathered while lightning and thunder clove the air.(风起云涌,雷电交加。)
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