《西游记》是中国四大古典小说(Four Great Classical Novels/Four Masterworks)之一,通常翻译为Journey to the West,也翻译为The Journey to the West、Adventures of the Monkey God、Monkey:A Folk Novel of China、The Adventures of Monkey等。在西方国家,有时候它就翻译为Monkey。故事一共一百章(chapter),围绕唐朝和尚(Buddhist monk)玄奘(Xuangzang)去印度朝圣(pilgrimage)获取佛学经典(Buddhist sutras/Buddhist scriptures)的神奇经历(mythologized legends)展开,当然这是一种对历史事件的虚构描述(fictionalized account)。在取经路上,他们遇到了各种鬼怪(monsters/evils)和困难(calamity),包括火焰山(flaming mountain)、蜘蛛精洞(lair of spider-spirits)、女儿国(kingdom ruled by women)等稀奇古怪的场面(scenario)。他们必须经过八十一难(81 disasters)来取得真经。
观音(Guanyin)菩萨(Bodhisattva)按照佛(Buddha)的指示,将这个任务交给了唐僧(Tang-dynasty monk)和三个徒弟(disciple)以及唐僧的坐骑(mount),一匹龙王太子(dragon prince)变的白马(white horse)。他们帮助唐僧取经,来减轻(atonement)过去犯下的罪过(past sin)。释迦摩尼(Shakyamuni)也叫悉达多乔达摩(Siddhattha Gotama),即佛。观音也叫观世音(Guanshiyin),字面意思是Observing the Sounds or Cries of the World,在西方经常翻译为慈悲女神(Goddess of Mercy);观音来自梵语Avalokitesvara(阿缚卢枳低湿伐逻),一个男性的神;有时音译为Kuan-yin或Kuan-shih yin。日语发音是Kannon;朝鲜语发音是Gwan-eum;越南、泰国、印尼等也受中国影响,有这个神,发音接近汉语。
唐僧在英语中也常翻译为Tripitaka,即三藏,字面意思是Three Baskets of Buddhist Teaching。据说吃了他的肉可以长生不老(to obtain immortality by eating Xuanzang’s flesh)。
孙悟空(Sun Wukong)是从石头里诞生的猴子,会七十二变(72 polymorphic transformations),长生不死(immortality),自封为‘齐天大圣(Great Sage Equal to Heaven)’,曾经位列天官(celestial bureaucracy),后反叛(rebellion)天庭,被佛用咒语(talisman)困于山下五百年。他原来叫美猴王(Handsome Monkey King),住在花果山(Mountain of Flowers and Fruits)水帘洞(Cave of Water Curtains);悟空是菩提祖师/须菩提(Patriarch Bodhi/Subhuti)起的法号,意思是Awakening to Emptiness。他的武器是如意金箍棒(will-following golden-banded staff)。在八卦炉(eight-trigram brazier)练就火眼金睛(fiery golden eyes)。会翻筋斗云(cloud somersault)。他用这些本领(talents)战胜妖魔(demons),也会淘气(play pranks)。唐僧用一个金箍(gold band)通过念咒(chant magic words),即紧箍咒(tightening-crown spell),来控制他。
猪八戒(Zhu Bajie)字面意思是Eight-precepts Pig或Eight-prohibitions,通常翻译为Pigsy、Monk Pig或Pig,原为天蓬元帅(Marshal Tian Peng|)即天庭水军将官(commander of Heavenly Naval Forces),由于调戏(flirt with)嫦娥(Princess of the Moon Chang'e)被贬下(banish)人间(mortal realm),特点是贪吃好色(insatiable appetites for food and sex)。他也叫猪悟能(Pig Awakened to Power),是半人半猪(half human half pig)的怪物,曾经在高老庄(Gao Village)变成(pose)普通人娶亲。他的武器是九齿钉耙(nine-tooth iron rake)。
沙悟净(Sha Wujing)是河怪(river ogre),字面意思是Sand Awakened to Purity,有时翻译为沙和尚(Friar Sand)或Sandy,因为他住在流沙河(Flowing Sand River),曾为天庭的卷帘大将(Great General for Folding the Curtain),因为在蟠桃宴(Peach Banquet)上打破了王母娘娘(Heavenly Queen Mother)的水晶杯(crystal goblet)被贬下人间。他的武器是月牙铲(Crescent-Moon Shovel/Monk's Spade)。
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