不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every,some,any,many,much,(a)few,(a)little,one,ones,either,neither,other,another,no,none以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词(如:anybody,something,no one)。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no,every+thing,-body,-one构成的复合不定代同(如somebody等)只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。(这些词作定语时,有些语法书称之为形容词)下面我们把一些主要的不定代词用法归纳如下:
1 one的用法
(1)one(一个),可以指人,也可以指物。在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。
one(主语)should not praise oneself(宾语).
一个人不应炫耀自己。(one作主语和宾语)
If one wants to visit the city,one must find one's own guide.
如要参观这个城市,得自己找向导。
(2)one,ones(one的复数形式)可用来代替前面出现过的少数名词,以避免重复。
Do you have a car?Yes,I have one.
你有一辆小汽车吗?是的,我有一辆。
I like small cars better than large ones.
我喜欢小汽车,不喜欢大汽车。
(3)one的前面可用this,that,the,which等词修饰。
Eg:There are three pens,which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?
(4)a+形容词+one这一形式,经常见到或使用。
I have an old bike,but he has a new one.
我有辆旧自行车,他有辆新的。
own后面不用one
Your shoes don't fit me,I'd better wear my own.
我穿你的鞋不合适,我最好还是穿我自己的。
比较it和one的比较
it用来指特定的东西(the+名词);而one则用于替代不特定的东西(a,an+名词)
You have a pen,can I use it(=the pen)?
你有一支钢笔,我可以用它(这支钢笔)吗?(特指)
Do you have a pen?Yes,I have one(=a pen).
你有钢笔吗?是的,我有一支。(泛指)
2 some,any的用法
I have some money in my pocket,but it is not enough.
Do you have any?
我口袋里有一些钱,但不够,你有钱吗?
(1)some,any可与单、复数可数名词和不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句中,any一般用于否定旬、疑问句和条件句中。
I have some science books. 我有一些科技书。
There is some ink in the bottle. 瓶子里有一些墨水。
I haven't any money.(=I have no money.)
Do you have any?
我一分钱都没有了,你有(钱吗)?
注意
not…any =no…
any在否定句、问句中不须译出来。
You can ask me if you have any questions.
(2)some,any与-thing,-body,-one构成的合成词的用法与some,any一样。
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事告诉你。
I don't know anything about it .(I know nothing about it .)
关于这件事,我什么都不知道。
Anybody can do it. 任何人都可以做这件事。
注意
something,anything,nothing三者跟形容词时,形容词要放在它们的后面。
(3) 在疑问句中,一般不用some,只有当问句表示一种邀请或请求,或期待一个肯定的回答时才能用some。
Will you have some tea?你喝茶吗?(表邀请)
Did somebody call me this morning?
今天上午有人给我打电话吧?(表可能已约好)
(4)在否定句中,some表示半否定,any表示全否定。
I don't know some of you.
我只认识你们中的一些人。(我不会认识你们)
I don't know any of you.
你们,我一个也不认识。
(5)some用于单数可数名词前时,表示“某个,而不是“一些。
This morning some boy asked for you.
今天上午,有个男孩要求见你。
There must be some reason for what he's done.
他干这些事,肯定有某种原因。
比较:
Is there anything to eat?有什么吃的吗?
(不知有没有,只是问一问)
Is there something to eat?
有一些吃的吧?(希望,而且断定会有)