【小编寄语】今天查字典英语网小编教给同学们的是高考语法必备:不定式用法小结,一起来学习下吧!祝同学们学习进步!
★To + 动原不定式,非谓不作谓语用;
★功能如同名形副,疑问副代可连用;
★宾补有to分两种,前面加not是否定。
口诀详解
一、To + 动原不定式,非谓不作谓语用
不定式是非谓语动词,自然不能在句中作谓语,但可在句中充当主、宾、表、定、状、补等成分。它的基本形式是:“to + 动词原形。下面就以及物动词do(不及物动词无被动语态)为例,看看不定式的常见形式:
不定式中动词的动作同谓语动词动作之间一般有以下三种关系:
1. A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)
2. All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (不定式中的动作发生在后)
3. He is said to have studied English for three years. (不定式的动作发生在前)
二、功能如同名形副
不定式在句子中相当于名词、形容词、副词。
1、不定式可以作主语、宾语和表语,相当于一个名词,如:
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
注意:在系表结构中,当主语是表示目的的名词(如purpose、aim、objective、goal、intention等)时,表语要用不定式,如:
Our goal is to satisfy customers' needs. 我们的目标是满足顾客的需要。
2、不定式可以作定语和补语,相当于一个形容词,如:
John is the first disabled person to sail around the world. 约翰是第一个环球航行的残疾人。
3、不定式可以作状语,相当于一个副词。不定式常作目的状语,此时它也常用于一些固定搭配(如in order to、so as to等),如:
Many people open blogs so as to exchange their own views and thoughts with others. 许多人创建博客,以便和他人交流自己的观点和看法。
三、疑问副代可连用
疑问副词:how、why、where、whether
疑问代词:what、who、which、whom
以上几个词是考查的重点,这些连接词可以直接和不定式连用,如:
I told her how to find me. 我告诉她怎样才能找到我。
I don't know what to buy. 我不知道买什么。
四、宾补有to分两种,前面加not 是否定
1、不定式作宾补时,会出现两种情况:保留不定式符号to和省略不定式符号to。
1) 不定式作宾补,省略to的情况,可借助下面的这个口诀来记忆:
2) 除了上面的情况,不定式作宾补,大多需要保留不定式符号to,构成“vt. + sb. + 带to的不定式,适用此结构的常见的动词有:ask、advise、allow、beg、choose、expect、forbid、hate、intend、like、love、warn、need、permit、prefer、prepare、want、wish等,如:
His sister hates her brother to dress like that. 他姐姐讨厌他穿成那样。
This company finally chose Jerry to be its lawyer. 这家公司最终选择杰瑞担任律师。
2、动词不定式的否定一般通过在不定式标志to之前加not来实现,但有时为加强语气,可用never代替not,如:
Tell him not to see me again this week. 让他这周不要再来见我。(可能只是善意的提醒)
Tell him never to see me again! 让他永远都不要再来见我。(语气更为强烈些,多为生气时的话语)
注意:要区分省略to的不定式和现在分词作宾补的不同:前者表示动作的完整性、真实性;而后者表示动作的连续性、进行性,如:
I saw him work in the garden yesterday. (强调“我看见了)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (强调“我看见他时,他正在干活)
真题演练
1. If anyone happens to drop in while I am out, ________ him or her leave a message. (2005福建)
A. have B. get C. ask D. tell
2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ________ it more difficult. (1999全国)
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
3. — Is Bob still performing?
— I'm afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official. (2005江苏)
A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left
4. It seems that he has no pen ________. (2003北京)
A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with
5. — Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
— ____ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. (1999上海)
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
6. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking. (2000 全国)
A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive
7. All these gifts must be mailed immediately ________ in time for Christmas. (2005辽宁)
A. have received B. receiving C. to be received D. be received
8. ________ the employees' working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break. (2006上海春)
A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved
9. I've worked with children before, so I know what ________ in my new job. (2000全国)
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
10. Robert is said ________ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. (1999全国)
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. having been studied
答案及解析
1-5 ABABC 6-10 ACBBA
1. 句意:在我外出期间如果有人来访,请让他或她给我留个信儿。
【分析】“让某人做某事,题中宾补是不带to的不定式,根据不定式作宾补时,省略to的情况,四个选项中只有have后接不定式作宾补时,可省略不定式符号to。
2. 句意:应用新技术的目的是使生活变得更容易,而非更困难。
【分析】整个句子是个系表结构,主语是表示目的的purpose,表语要用不定式。尽管通常两个以上不定式并列时,后者的to常可省略掉,但由于作表语的两个不定式之间存在对比关系,所以后者的to不可省略;同时根据不定式否定的规则,在不定式符号to前加not就可以,所以选B。
3. 句意:—— 鲍勃还在表演吗?
——恐怕不表演了。据说他已经离开舞台,成为一名公务员了。
【分析】本题考查的是不定式的时态,Bob离开是主动的,排除C、D两项;Bob离开是在“be said之前,用不定式的完成时,选A。
4. 句意:他似乎没有笔可以用来写字。
【分析】考查不定式作定语,现在分词作定语,表示的是事物本身的属性,一般要放到所修饰的词前,排除C、D;而write和它所修饰的词pen之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,write在此句中是不及物动词,需用介词,选B。
5. 句意:——妈妈,为什么您总让我每天吃
一个鸡蛋呢?
——是为了让你在成长过程中获得
足够的蛋白质和营养啊。
【分析】从语境可知,此句表达的是目的,应用不定式作目的状语,故选C。本题的关键在于能否看出此题是个省略句,答语省略的部分为“I always make you eat an egg every day。
6. 句意:史密斯太太警告她的女儿绝不可以酒后驾车。
【分析】考查不定式作宾补的用法,warn后接不定式作宾补时,构成warn sb. to do sh.,其否定形式为:warn sb. not to do sth.,此处not用语气更为强烈的never代替。
7. 句意:所有的礼物必须立即邮走,以便圣诞节可以及时收到。
【分析】根据句子前后的内容,空格部分表示目的,实际上是in order to/so as to的缩写;同时主语是礼物,同receive之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系,所以用不定式的被动式,选C。
8. 句意:为了提高员工的工作效率,老板将允许他们有喝咖啡的休息时间。
【分析】根据句意,很明显,逗号前是一个不定式短语作目的状语,同时不定式中的动词improve和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主谓关系,选B。
9. 句意:我以前从事过和小孩相关的工作,所以我知道我的新工作中将会出现什么。
【分析】根据口诀中的“疑问副代可连用,what是疑问代词,后面应该直接接不定式作后置定语。
10. 句意:Robert 据说出国留学过,但我不知道他去了哪个国家。
【分析】在被动语态中,不定式符号to不可以省略,同时,出国发生在“be said之前,用不定式的完成式,选A。
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