【小编寄语】今天查字典英语网小编教给同学们的是初中英语动名词与不定式的用法,一起来学习下吧!祝同学们学习进步!
动名词和不定式
动名词在形式上,和现在分词相同,然而现在分词具有形容词或副词的特点;而动名词具有名词的特点。因此在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语或介词的宾语。例如:
Working with you is a pleasure. 和你一起工作是一种 乐趣。(主语)
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。(主语)
Another goal was ending the chaos in the country. 另一个目标是结束国家的混乱状态。(表语)
What he got in his mind was walking all the way to town.他心中的想的办法是一路步行进城。(表语)
My job is teaching.我的工作是教学。(表语)
To keep money that you have found is stealing.私藏拾到的钱等于偷窃。(表语)
Her shoes wants mending. 她的鞋该修理了。(宾语)
I have finished writing this book.我已经写完这本书了。(宾语)
She left without saying good-bye to us.她没有向我们告别就走了。(介词宾语)
My brother is fond of skating. 我弟弟喜欢滑冰。(介词宾语)
Thank you for giving me some help. 谢谢你给我些帮助。(介词宾语)
§10由于动名词是动词的一种形式,因此动名词也具有动词的一些特征。动名词可以带直接宾语;可以被副词修饰。例如:
My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。(stamps是动名词collecting的宾语)
Meeting you has been a great pleasure.见到你是件很快乐的事。(you是动名词meeting的宾语)
I like driving fast. 我喜欢开快车。(副词fast修饰动名词driving)
动名词还有几种形式:
主动形式
被动形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
Having done
Having been done
§ 11动名词(短语)的句法功能:
1.动名词具有名词的特征,做主语。例如:
Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。
Sweeping the floor is my wife's everyday work.扫地是我妻子的日常工作。
Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操对你的健康有好处。
【注意】注意以下句型,“it是形式主语,动名词是正真的主语。动名词做主语时谓语动词用单数。例如:
It is no good smoking and drinking. I suggest that you should give them up.吸烟喝酒没有好处。我建议你应该戒掉。
It is a waste of time watching TV all day.整天看电视是浪费时间。
It is no use operating on this woman. She ought to have been sent here two hours ago. 给这个妇女做手术已经没有用了,她本来应该在两个小时之前送来。
Living together with you has been a great pleasure.和你住在一起真高兴。
2.作表语
My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。
The only thing that interests her is dancing.唯一使她感兴趣的事情是跳舞。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.真正的问题是了解消费者的需要。
To keep money you have found is stealing.捡到钱不交等于偷窃。
【注意】一般来说,动名词作表语表示主语的内容;而现在分词作表语表示主语的特征和属性。例如:
The work assigned to us is bringing the chairs downstairs.分配给我们的工作是把椅子带下楼来。(表示主语的内容)
Her job is raising pigs. 她的工作是养猪。(表示主语的内容)
The film was exciting. 这部电影激动人心。(表示主语的特征)
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off. 会议延期了使人扫兴。(表示主语的特征)
3.作宾语
Andrew hated giving anesthetics. 安德罗极不喜欢麻醉工作。
I wouldn't mind going there with her.与她一起去那儿,我没有意见。
I assure you I wouldn't have troubled you if I could have avoided doing so. 我可以向你保证,如果当时我能避免的话,我是决不会麻烦你的。
I enjoy listening to music.我喜欢听音乐。
She couldn't risk missing that train. 我不能冒险误过那次火车。
I have finished writing this novel. 我已经写完了这本小说。
【注意】
1.只能用动名词作宾语,而不能用不定式作宾语的动词有:admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, dislike, enjoy, excuse, face, fancy, finish, grudge, can't help, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep, mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practice, renounce, resent, require, stand, suggest, understand, give up, leave off, put off等等。
2.在下列动词之后即可以用不定式,也可以用动名词。这样的动词有:like, love, hate, prefer, begin, commence, start, continue, attempt, intend, propose, can't bear, cease, choose, decline, deserve, disdain, dread, endure, forget, learn, mean, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, regret, try等等。例如:
Do you like swimming ( to swim)? 你喜欢游泳吗?
We began listening (to listen)to music.我们开始听音乐
She propose making(to make)a change in our studying plan. 她建议把我们的学习计划做一些改动。
3.下列动词后既可接不定式,也可接动名词,但所表示的意思不同。例如:
1)remember to do something 记住要做某事
remember doing something 记得曾经做过某事
例如:
I remember posting the letter.我记得我把封信发出了。
Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发信。
I remember seeing this film.我记得曾经看过这部电影。
I should remember to see the film.我应该记住去看这部电影。
2)forget to do something 忘记要做某事
forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
例如:
I shall never forget seeing the Swiss Alps for the first time.我将永远忘不了我第一次游览瑞士阿尔卑斯山的情景。
I am afraid he will forget to write to me. 恐怕他会忘记写信给我。
3) stop to do something 停下某事去做……
stop doing something 停止做某事
例如:
I really must stop smoking. 我的确该戒烟。
I have been working all the morning. I have to stop to smoke a cigarette. 我已经工作了一上午了,我得停下抽支烟。
4) try to do something 设法做某事
try doing something (做某事)试试
例如:
Try to do your duty well. 尽力做好本职工作。
Try knocking at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.前门没有人听见你的声音,那么敲敲后门试一试。
5)regret to do something 因做某事感到悲哀(不愉快)
regret doing 因做某事感到后悔
例如:
I regret causing him so much inconvenience.我因给他带来许多不便而感到懊悔。
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer your employment.我很抱歉地通知你,我们不能接受你的雇用。
6)mean doing 意味着或意思是
mean to do something 打算做某事或想要做某事
例如:
We know that learning a language does not mean just working in a class. 我们知道,学习一种语言并不意味着只是在课堂里学习。
I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. 我并没有想伤害你的感情。
7)go on to do something (做完某事)接着做另一件事
go on doing something 继续做某事
例如:
I hope it won't go on snowing all day and all night. 我希望雪不要整天整夜下个不停。
Our teacher welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the school regulations. 在欢迎新生后,我们的老师开始解释学校的规章制度。
8)need to do something 需要做某事(表示主动)
need doing something 需要……(表示被动)
例如:
You need to work harder. 你需要更加努力学习。
Your house needs painting. 你的房子需要油漆了。
9)want to do something 想做某事(表示主动)
want doing 需要……(表示被动)
例如:
I want to study French.我想学习法语。
The electric shaver wants repairing before it can be used. 电动剃须刀需经修理才能使用。
10)begin和start在下列三种情况下最好用动名词。
A.主语是物而不是人时。例如:
The ice began (started) to melt. 冰开始融化。
The barometer began (started) to fall. 气压计开始下降。
B.当begin或start 用于进行时态时。例如:
She is beginning (starting) to cook the dinner.她开始做饭。
C.当begin或start后面的动词指心理状态或精神活动时。例如:
I began to understand my past mistakes.我开始认识自己过去的错误。
She started to wonder who had done it. 她开始纳闷,这件事究竟是谁做的。
11)请比较以下句子:
The buses have ceased running.公共汽车已经停了。
The buses ceased to run. 公共汽车停掉不开了。
第一句的意思可能是:“公共汽车今天停开,但是明天将再开。“第二个句子的意思可能是:“公共汽车将停开很长的一段时间,也可能永远不再开了。
12)在like, hate, prefer动词后,如果表示一般倾向,多用动名词作宾语,如果指特定的或具体的动作时,用不定式。例如:
I like watching TV. 我喜欢看电视。
I'd like to watch TV this afternoon.今天下午我想看电视。
I hate speaking before a big audience.我不喜欢在大庭广众面前讲话。
I hate to speak at the meeting today. 我今天不愿意在会上发言。
I prefer reading to watching TV.我情愿看书,不爱看电视。
I prefer to watch TV today. 我今天情愿看电视。
13) be afraid to do something 害怕(不敢)去做某事,(常会发生对自己或别人有伤害或令人畏惧的结果);而be afraid of doing something 表示害怕(担心)会发生某种不愿发生的或不应发生的情况(不一定是令人畏惧的情况),可译为“唯恐(怕)。例如:
She was afraid of waking her husband up. 可能丈夫病了或很累,不应吵醒他。(恐怕发生不应发生的可能后果)
She was afraid to wake her husband up.(如叫醒丈夫,可能他要发火,责备她。(害怕去做应当做或必须做的事)
I am afraid of asking the teacher. 我害怕问老师。(要麻烦老师,是我不希望发生的)
I am afraid to ask the teacher. 我不敢问老师。(表示有必要去问,但老师可能要批评我)
4.能跟动名词的动词短语很多,常见的这样短语有:accuse of , be fond of , be capable of, be keen on, be proud of , be ashamed of, be responsible for, be sick of , be tired of , be afraid of , insist on, persist in, stick to , suspect …of, accuse…of, think of, dream of, approve of, prevent (stop, keep)…from, hear of 等。例如:
I am proud of working with you. 我为和你在一起工作感到骄傲。
She is good at singing and dancing.她擅长于唱歌跳舞
I am thinking of going to the industrial exhibition this afternoon. 我想下午去看工业展览。
I am interested in skating. 我对滑冰感兴趣。
5.下列动词短语中的“to是介词,不是不定式的符号,因此后面要接动名词或名词。accommodate oneself to 使……适应于,be accustomed to(accustom oneself to)习惯于(使……习惯于),be addicted to 沉湎于,admit to承认, be agreeable to欣然同意,confess to承认,confine oneself to使局限于,contribute to有助于,devote…to 把……奉献给……,be devoted to 献身于,专心于,be equal to能胜任,fall to 着手,have no (have an)objection to不反对,(反对),object to 反对,look forward to盼望,be opposed to反对,pay attention to 注意,lend oneself to帮助,prefer doing something to doing something宁愿……而不……,see to注意,take to开始从事于,when it comes to 谈到,至于,就……而论,be used to 习惯于等等。
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