41.too much与much too
二者都表示“太,“非常之意,much too为副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,但不可修饰动词。It's much too cold.天气实在是太冷了。too much作“太多讲有以下三种用法。
①作名词词组,如:You have given us too much.你给我们的太多了。
②作形容词词组修饰不可数名词,如:Don't drink too much wine.不要饮太多的酒。
③作副词词组修饰不及物动词,如:She talks too much.她说话太多。
42.rather与fairly
两词都可作“相当地,“颇有几分讲。其主要区别如下:
①fairly主要与“令人有愉快感的形容词或副词连用,如:good, bravely, well, nice等。而rather作此意解时,则用于“令人不愉快的形容词或副词,如:bad, ugly等。如:Tom is rather lazy, but John is fairly diligent.汤姆很懒惰,而约翰却相当勤奋。
②如果一个单数名词有形容词修饰,不定冠词须放在fairly前面,而rather却是放前放后皆可。如:This is a fairly interesting book.这是一本很有趣的书。This book is rather an interesting one.(同前)
③有些词本身无所谓“令人愉快或“不愉快之意,如:fast, show, hot, cold等,说话人则可用fairly来表“赞许,用rather来表示“不以为然。
④fairly往往表示“恰到好处,恰当,而rather含有“太过分,有过之之意。试比较:This book is fairly easy for you to read.(正好合适你读。) This book is rather easy for you to read.(太简单以致不合适了)
⑤rather还可用在alike, like, similar, different等词和“有前,此时含义是“有点儿或“稍微之意。如:The weather was rather worse than I had expected.这天气比我所预料的要糟糕些。
43.lively, living与alive
①lively adj. 生动的,活泼的,可作定语或表语。如:What lively colours!多么鲜艳的颜色啊! she is a lively girl.她是个活泼的姑娘。
②living adj. 活着的,健在的;n. 谋生,生计。如:living things生物;make a living谋生;earn one's living谋生度日;That man is still living.那人还健在(在世)。
③alive adj. 活的,活着的,表语性形容词,一般可与living互换。若作定语,要放在所修饰的词之后。如:That man is not dead, he is still alive.(=he is still living.)那人没死,他还活着。He is the greatest musician alive.他是活着的最伟大的音乐家。
44.instead of, in place of与take the place of
①instead of是介词短语,意思是“代替,“而不是,作介词短语后接名词、动名词和宾格代词;作连词短语后接不定式(一般不省略to),谓语动词、形容词、副词和介词短语等。如:John will attend the meeting instead of his manager.约翰将代替经理出席这次会议。You should have some exercise instead of staying indoors all day long.你应多锻炼身体,不要整天呆在家里。The temperature has risen up instead of fallen down.温度上升了而并没有下降。This is dull instead of interesting.这不但没趣,反倒枯燥。
②in place of介词短语“代替,通常后接名(代)词,可与instead of互换。如:People often use plastics in place of/instead of wood or metal.人们常用塑料来代替木材和金属。但instead of sb./sth.可略去介词of及其宾语,而in place of通常不能将其省略。
③take the place of动词词组,“代替(职务,工作等),如:Most scientists agree that computers can't completely take the place of humans.大多数科学家认为,计算机并不能完全代替人。作“代替解时,不可将the去掉或改换为one's,那样会引起歧义,要注意区分。
45.pain, ache和hurt
这三个词都和疼痛有关。ache和pain多作名词,hurt只能作动词。ache指“(人)身体疼痛,往往用于持续的疼痛或因一些小病引起的感觉,常指“局部的疼痛。back(背)、ear(耳)、head(头)、heart(心)、stomach(胃)、tummy(肚)、tooth等词与ache构成复合词,表示身体部位的疼痛。如果指身体其他部分之疼痛则用pain或ache表示,如:a pain /ache inmy foot脚痛。单数ache可与不定冠词连用,也可以不用不定冠词,如:He has got an ache in his foot.他脚痛。He has aches on his back.他背上痛。ache也可作动词,如:I ache all over.我全身疼痛。My head aches.我头痛。pain指“肉体或精神上的痛苦、悲痛,比ache要严重些,如:She is in great pain.她深为痛苦。The boy broke his arm and cried with pain.那个男孩摔断手臂,痛得大叫。pain也可以当及物动词,指“使痛苦,如:My foot is still paining me.我的脚还在痛。
aches and pains指“疼痛,如:I have aches and pains all over.我全身疼痛。hurt只作动词,可以指“(使)受伤,(使)疼痛,伤害,如:He hurt his back when he fell.他跌倒时伤了背部。He was badly hurt in this traffic accident.在这起交通事故中,他受了重伤。Did you hurt yourself?你弄伤自己了吗?hurt也可以指“伤害(某人的感情);使伤心,如:My feelings were hurt when he didn't ask me to the party.他没邀请我参加宴会,我很伤心。hurt还可以指“受损伤、有害、有不良影响,如:It won't hurt to wait a bit longer.再等一会儿(对你)没有什么关系。Some Chinese big companies have seen their business hurtby NATO's air strike on Yugoslavia.一些中国的大公司看到了他们的生意因北约空袭南斯拉夫而受损。
46.before long和long before
before long和long before形式构成上相差不大,但其意义差别较大,也导致了它们在决定句子时态上的差异。before long“不久,句子时态用将来时。如:This park will be open again before long. 这个公园不久将重新开放。Our school will have a lot of new computers beforel ong. 我们学校不久将会有大批的新电脑。long before “很久以前,句子时态用过去时。如:Long before I received an E-mail from my American friend Mary. 很久以前,我收到美国朋友玛丽的一封邮件。
47.lonely和alone
二者都可表示“孤独,“独自这一意思,alone指客观存在的“孤独,而lonely更偏重一种主观感受上的“寂寞。如:I went alone. 我是一个人去的。Mary lived alone,but she didn't feel lonely. 玛丽孤身一人生活,但她并不感到孤独!
48.ill和sick
ill有病的,常用作表语,如:You look ill these days. 近来你的气色不太好。I fail ill. 我生病了。?sick有病的,既可作表语又可作定语,如:a sick man 病人;Mary has been sick for three weeks. 玛丽已生病了三周。?sick也可表示“恶心的,呕吐的,用作表语,如:I feel sick. 我觉得要呕吐;I am sick in the car. 我晕车。
49.happen,take place与occur
happen 常常有“偶然的意思,多用于客观事物、情况的发生。例如:Whatever has ha ppened to your arm?It's all swollen.你的手臂怎么了?肿得好历害。
occur 指有计划使某些事或效果“发生。有时强调“呈现于人的知觉中。例如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it?你难道没想到就这事给他们打个电话?
在以具体事物、事件作主语时,happen和occur可以通用。例如:The accident happened (occurred) yesterday.事故是昨天发生的。
take place 指事件发生,但常用来表示“举行的意思,带有非偶然性。例如:The mee ting took place last night.会议昨晚举行。
50.apart from,besides,except for与except
apart form作“除……以外(= besides),作“只是,除掉(=except for),例如: Apart from sport,my other interest outside class is music.除体育外,我课外的其他 爱好是音乐。/Apart from the location,we like everything about the project.这个 设计的各方面我们都喜欢,只是位置不太好。
besides意为“尤进一层;除……之外还有,例如:I know nothing besides what I'v e told you.除了我对你讲过的之外,我别无所知。
except for 亦作 but for,意为“除……外,例如:Except for your presence, I wo uld be bored.若没有你在这里,我会感到厌烦。
except“除去,除……之外,意味着从整体里“减去一部分。例如:They all went except David.除了大卫,他们都去。
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