英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
代词
1.代词是代替名词的字。
2.代词包括人称代词,所有代词,复合人称代词,不定代词,指示代词,疑问代词,关系代词和复合关系代词。
人称代词
1.人称代词是有人称区别的代词。
2.人称代词包括第一人称I,my,me,we,our,us;第二人称:you,your;第三人称he,his,him,she,her,it,its,they,their,them。
3.人称代词有数的区别,如:I是单数,we是复数。
4.人称代词有性的区别,如:he是阳性,she是阴性。
5.人称代词有格的区别,如:I是主格,me是宾格,my是所有格。
复合人称代词
1.复合人称代词又称反身代词,由人称代词+self(单数),selves(复数)构成,表示自己;不定的复合人称代词是oneself。
2.复合人称代词的主格和宾格的形式是一致的。
中文:我自己做的。
(主格)I myself did it.
(宾格)I did it by myself.
3.复合人称代词的所有格由人称代词的所有格+own构成;不定的复合人称代词的所有格是one'sown。【参见人称代词】
I have a house of my own.
我有一所自己的房子。
复合人称代词用法
1.主语与宾语指同一人时,宾语必须用复合人称代词。
中文:他那天伤着他自己了。
(误)He hurt him the other day.
(正)He hurt himself the other day.
2.用以加强主语,宾语或补语的语气。
I myself corrected the mistake.
我自己改正的错误。
I saw the president himself.
我看见总统本人了。
3.表示自己所有。
I don't even have my own car.
我甚至没有我自己的汽车。
4.惯用法,如:by oneself(独自),for oneself(为…自己)等。
You should do your homework by yourself.
你应该独立完成功课。
He built a house for himself.
他为他自己建了一所房子。
所有代词
1.所有代词代替人称代词的所有格(所有形容词)和它所修饰的名词,如:mine,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs。
2.所有代词后不可接名词,无论代替单数或复数名词,都用相同形态。【参见所有形容词】
You've got your trouble; I've got mine.(mine = my trouble)
You've got your troubles; I've got mine.(mine = my troubles)
你有你的麻烦,我有我的麻烦。
Ours are as clever as Mr. Brown's and Mr. Green's students.
我们的(学生)和布朗先生及格林先生的学生一样聪明。
Ours is a large country with a long history.
我们的国家是一个具有悠久历史的大国。
疑问代词
1.疑问代词是问何人,何物,何者的代词,如:who,whose,whom,which,what等。
2.疑问代词后不可加名词,如加名词,即为疑问形容词。【参见疑问形容词】
Whose is this pen?
这笔是谁的?
Whose pen is this?
这是谁的钢笔?
关系代词
1.关系代词是兼有代词和连词作用的代词,如:who,whose,whom,which,that,what等,可构成定语从句。【参见定语从句,关系形容词】
He was the man who climbed the leaning tower of Pisa.
他是爬上比萨斜塔的那个人。
He was the man.
他是那个人。
He climbed the leaning tower of Pisa.
他爬上了比萨斜塔。
复合关系代词
1.复合关系代词是由关系代词+ever构成的,是不论的意思,如:whoever(不论谁),whichever(不论那一个),whomever(不论谁,宾格),whatever(不论什么)等。
2.复合关系代词可以由no matter+关系代词代替。【参见关系副词】
Whoever did this, he would be punished.
No matter who did this, he would be punished.
不论是谁干的,他都将受到惩罚。
指示代词
1.指示代词是指明一定的人或事物的代词,如:this,that,these,those,such等。
2.指示代词后不能加名词,如加名词,即为指示形容词。
This is your book.
这是你的书。
This book is yours.
这书是你的。
3.指示代词可用来代替前面的句子。【参见指示形容词】
Mike came late again. This made the teacher very angry.
麦克又迟到了,这使老师非常生气。(This用来代替Mike came late again。)
代词误用辨析
1.中文:伦敦的夏天比我家乡的夏天更热。
(误)London is much hotter in summer than my hometown.
(正)It is much hotter in London in summer than in my hometown.(用it代表气候,天气等。)
2.中文:他的书跟我的很不一样。
(误)His book is quite different from me.
(正)His book is quite different from mine.(mine = my book,应保持比较的双方性质的一致。)
3.中文:我有件重要的事告诉你。
(误)I have important something to tell you.
(正)I have something important to tell you.(修饰something,nothing,anything等不定代词时,形容词应放在其后。)
4.中文:每个学生都应该做他自己的功课。
(误)Every student should do their own homework.
(正)Every student should do his own homework.(every student是单数,其后的代词也用单数。)
5.中文:我喜欢收到别人的来信,但不愿意写信。
(误)I like to receive letters but do not like to write it.
(正)I like to receive letters but do not like to write them.(代词的人称与数应与它代替的名词相同。)
6.中文:孩子们和他都还没有吃晚餐。
(误)Neither the children nor he has ever eaten their supper.
(正)Neither the children nor he has ever eaten his supper.(neither...nor是对等相关连词,nor后面的主语决定后面的谓语动词及代词的形式。)
7.中文:布朗太太向她的朋友玛丽和我打招呼。
(误)Mrs. Brown said hello to her friends, Mary and I.
(正)Mrs. Brown said hello to her friends, Mary and me.(Mary and me是宾语friends的同位语,因此用宾格形式。)
8.中文:我的两个姊姊都不在这。
(误)None of my two sisters is here.
(正)Neither of my two sisters is here.(neither用于两者的否定;none用于三者以上的否定。)
9.中文:他认识我的两个姊姊。
(误)He knows my both sisters.
(正)He knows both my sisters.(both用在the,his,my等修饰语之前。)
10.中文:这本书的价格是多少?
(误)How much is the price of the book?
(正)What is the price of the book?(对价格提问用what,没有price一词时用how much。)
11.中文:我有一本新字典还有几本旧的。
(误)I have a new dictionary and several old one.
(正)I have a new dictionary and several old ones.(代替前面提到过的可数名词,复数要用ones。)
12.中文:安迪,保罗和我共唱一首歌。
(误)I, Andy and Paul sang a song together.
(正)Andy, Paul and I sang a song together.(有多个主语或宾语时,I或me在最后。)
13.中文:他们很了解我们中国人。
(误)They know our Chinese well.
(正)They know us Chinese well.(Chinese为宾语us的同位语。)
14.中文:说好英语不容易。
(误)That is not easy to speak good English.
(正)It is not easy to speak good English.(it当形式主语,代替不定式。)
不定代词
1.不定代词是没有确定的指某人或某物的代词,常用的不定代词有some,any,one,ones,noone,none,each,both,all,either,neither,other,another,many,few,much,little,most等。
I took a big apple and he took a small one.
我拿了一个大苹果,他拿了一个小的。(one代替apple,但没有明确的指是那一个。)
2.不定形容词any,some,every与one,thing,body等词可以构成复合的不定代词,这些词的修饰语一般在后面。【参见不定形容词】
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事要告诉你。
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