随着新冠疫情在全球范围内蔓延,许多报道都将COVID-19大流行描述为“黑天鹅”(black swan)事件。
但有语言学家指出,这是一种误用,对这场危机的恰当比喻应为“灰犀牛”(grey rhino)。
黑天鹅和灰犀牛分别指什么,又有什么区别呢?今天我们就来学一学。
黑天鹅
Black swan
▌比喻一种极其罕见的、未曾预见的、造成巨大影响的事件
A metaphor for an extremely rare event that is unforeseen and has an enormous impact
“黑天鹅”这一术语是美国经济学家纳西姆·尼古拉斯·塔勒布在2001年创造的。
早在公元2世纪,古罗马诗人朱文诺(Juvenal)就曾用黑天鹅比喻罕见的鸟儿:
"a rare bird in the lands and very much like a black swan"
在发现澳大利亚的黑天鹅之前,欧洲人认为天鹅都是白色的。“黑天鹅”曾经是欧洲人言谈与写作中的惯用语,用来指不可能存在的事物,但这个不可动摇的信念随着第一只黑天鹅的出现而崩溃。
受此启发,塔勒布将“黑天鹅”一词应用于9·11袭击、美国的次级贷危机和互联网的发展等离奇事件。
It was coined by economist Nassim Nicholas Taleb in 2001 — inspired by a 2nd-century Roman poet who presumed that such birds didn’t exist — and has been applied to such disparate outliers as the 9/11 attacks and the development of the internet.
coin:v. 创造(新词语)
disparate /ˈdɪspərət/ :a. 迥然不同的;无法比较的
outlier/ˈaʊtlaɪə(r)/:n. 离开主体的人(或物);局外人(远离业务、职务)
黑天鹅寓意着不可预测的重大稀有事件,意料之外,却又改变一切。
灰犀牛
Grey rhino
▌比喻发生概率极大,却被忽视的、冲击力极强的风险
A metaphor for highly probable but neglected threats that have an enormous impact
“灰犀牛”是政策分析师米歇尔·渥克在2017年希腊金融危机后发明的术语。
It was coined by Michele Wucker, a policy analyst who came up with the term after the 2017 Greek financial crisis.
她提出,灰犀牛不是随机的突发事件,而是一系列预警和明显征兆(a series of warnings and visible evidence)之后爆发出来的问题。灰犀牛袭击时,极具爆发力,且不可阻挡(its power is explosive and unstoppable)。
灰犀牛体型笨重、反应迟缓,你能看见它在远处,却毫不在意,一旦它向你狂奔而来,定会让你猝不及防,直接被扑倒在地。
它并不神秘,却更危险。
因此,可以总结认为灰犀牛是与黑天鹅互补的概念。一个指太过于常见以至于人们习以为常的风险;一个指极其罕见的、出乎人们意料的风险。
而此次疫情,曾有多种迹象预示其暴发,正如一头两吨重的犀牛已经把牛角对准人类。一经暴发便在世界范围内蔓延,一发不可收拾。
这一用法也得到“灰犀牛”创造者渥克本人的支持,她说:
“Given what we know about pandemics and their increasing likelihood, outbreaks are highly probable and high impact. I coined the term ‘grey rhino’ for exactly such events: obvious, visible, coming right at you, with large potential impact and highly probable consequences.”
“鉴于我们对大流行病的了解,及其发生概率的增加,疫情暴发的可能性很大,影响也很大。我创造‘灰犀牛’这个词,正是用来形容这类事件:明显的、可见的、直冲你而来的,有着潜在的巨大影响力,且很有可能造成严重的后果。”
上一篇: 新研究:悲观的人更容易得老年痴呆症
国际英语资讯:Indonesia extends search mission after fatal flight
国内英语资讯:Mainland to facilitate cooperation with HK, Macao: official
国内英语资讯:China, Canada hold economic, financial dialogue
体坛英语资讯:Injury rules two Kenyans out of Delhi Half Marathon
体坛英语资讯:Copa Libertadores preview: Argentina and Brazil clash in semifinals
出国旅游时有哪些禁忌
国际英语资讯:Early results suggest split Congress as voting ends in U.S. midterms
体坛英语资讯:Argentina, US triumph in Youth Olympics basketball
国际英语资讯:Clashes erupt in West Banks Nablus after Israeli worshipers arrive at holy site
国内英语资讯:Xi stresses furthering reform and opening-up, elevating city core competitiveness during Sha
国际英语资讯:Former U.S. trader pleads guilty to fraud and spoofing
国内英语资讯:Spotlight: Chinese premier to visit Singapore for free trade, regional cooperation
体坛英语资讯:Luneng beat Teda 2-0 as Guedes nets first CSL goal
体坛英语资讯:Kenya replaces Equatorial Guinea to attend AWCON
国内英语资讯:China, Britain extend currency swap deal
美朝高级官员会面被推迟
体坛英语资讯:Real Madrid coach Lopetegui remains bullish despite Levante defeat
国际英语资讯:Death toll from buildings collapse in southern France reaches 5
娱乐英语资讯:Marvels comics legend Stan Lee dies at 95
国际英语资讯:Putin expects dialogue to continue on situation around NATO military drills
国际英语资讯:Arab League chief urges Libyan parties to reach political consensus
体坛英语资讯:Bosch becomes new sponsor of Formula E
改革印记:从彩电冰箱“四大件”到“买遍全球”
国际英语资讯:U.S. Republican Party maintains Senate majority in midterm elections
国际英语资讯:Trump says no bilateral meeting with Putin in Paris
沙县小吃在美国开业3小时就关门 竟因人太多!
体坛英语资讯:Dortmund, Bayern win in German Bundesliga
秋裤本时尚:说说秋裤的前世和今生
体坛英语资讯:American archer Cowles wins individual recurve gold in Buenos Aires
体坛英语资讯:Zheng wins Chinas first gold at Manchester Taekwondo Grand Prix