变化多端的雨

暴雨：泛指降水强度很大的雨，我国气象部门规定：

Rainstorm: it generally refers to the heavy rainfall. According to the regulations of China Meteorological Department:

1、1小时内的雨量为16毫米或以上的雨；

1. Rainfall of 16 mm or more in one hour;

2、24小时内的雨量为50毫米或以上的雨。

2. Rainfall within 24 hours is 50 mm or more.

暴雨具有“集中性”和“强度大”的特征，出现时雨势倾盆，短时内会造成洼地积水，径流陡增，河水猛涨等现象，是一种严重的灾害性天气。由于我国季风明显，全年雨量多集中在5-9月，因此次期间被定为“汛期”。“汛期”是气象部门预报服务工作中最紧张、最关键的时段。

The rainstorm has the characteristics of "concentration" and "intensity". When it appears, the rain will pour down. In a short time, it will cause water accumulation in the depression, the runoff will increase abruptly, and the river water will rise sharply. It is a kind of severe disastrous weather. Because of the obvious monsoon in China, most of the annual rainfall is from May to September, so the next period is defined as "flood season". "Flood season" is the most tense and critical period in the forecast service of meteorological department.

在我国暴雨形成的灾害也非常多。如：

There are many disasters caused by rainstorm in China. Such as:

1、2004年7月10日，北京遭遇特大暴雨的袭击，造成城区内大部分道路积水，交通几乎陷入全面瘫痪状态。

1. On July 10, 2004, Beijing was hit by a heavy rainstorm, which caused most of the roads in the urban area to accumulate water and almost completely paralyzed the traffic.

2、房山区银狐洞景区，公路冲成乱石沟。一场持续近6小时的暴雨将房山区银狐洞景区一条长约2公里的路面完全冲垮。路基也被雨水冲成一条乱石沟，水有半米多深，水流湍急。山上的三个村子、五个煤窑交通运输全部中断。

2. Fangshan District Yinhu Cave Scenic Area, the road into a ravine. A rainstorm lasting nearly 6 hours completely destroyed a 2-kilometer road in Yinhu Cave Scenic Area of Fangshan District. The roadbed is also washed into a ravine by rainwater. The water is more than half a meter deep and the current is turbulent. The transportation of three villages and five coal mines on the mountain was all interrupted.

3、2004年07月，台风带来的持续暴雨，致使台湾中南部地区多处发生泥石流和山洪，当地灾情加重。造成21人死亡、9人失踪，农业灾害总损失超过23亿元台币。渔业设施损失超过7000万元台币。洪灾造成中南部地区21万户居民停电，经抢修，至4日深夜尚有1。3万余户停电，其中8000余户因道路塌方及桥梁断裂而无法进行抢修。供水方面，未恢复正常供水的有20万户。洪灾造成中南部地区公路塌方94处，尚有50处没有抢修开通。铁路部分路段因路基受损停驶。

3. In July 2004, the continuous rainstorm brought by typhoon resulted in mudslides and torrential floods in many places in central and southern Taiwan, which aggravated the local disaster. 21 people died and 9 people were missing, and the total loss of agricultural disasters exceeded NT $2.3 billion. The loss of fishery facilities is more than NT $70 million. The flood caused blackouts to 210000 households in the central and southern regions. After emergency repair, there were still 1 households in the middle of the night of April 4. More than 30000 households were out of power, of which more than 8000 households were unable to repair due to road collapse and Bridge fracture. In terms of water supply, 200000 households did not resume normal water supply. The flood caused 94 road collapses in the central and southern regions, and there were 50 that were not repaired and opened. Some sections of the railway were stopped due to Subgrade damage.

4、雨灾给伊犁州直造成严重损失。2004年7月18日—20日，伊犁州直境内突降暴雨（降雨量103毫米），导致22万人受灾，农作物受灾面积32449公倾，绝收面积15414公倾，死亡大小牲畜268头（只），倒塌民房3596户6816间；形成危房13508户25423间，漏雨房屋67246间，共造成经济损失6385万元（其中农业损失942万元）。11月1日至3日降雨持续三天，居民住房普遍漏雨，有相当数量的房屋已成危房。据统计：州直10308户41233人受灾，倒塌房屋3344间，有15430间民宅漏雨、裂缝变成危房倒塌棚圈368座，此次灾害造成经济损失1871万元。

4. The rain disaster caused serious losses to Yili Prefecture. From July 18 to 20, 2004, a sudden rainstorm (rainfall of 103mm) occurred in Yili Prefecture, which affected 220000 people. The affected area of crops was 32449 cm, the total area of crops was 15414 cm, 268 livestock (animals) died, and 6816 houses collapsed in 3596 households. There were 13508 households with 25423 dangerous houses and 67246 leaking houses, resulting in a total economic loss of 63.85 million yuan (including 9.42 million yuan of agricultural losses) ) From November 1 to 3, the rainfall lasted for three days, and the residents' houses were generally leaky. A considerable number of houses had become dilapidated. According to statistics: there were 41233 people in 10308 households directly under the State Council, 3344 houses collapsed, and there were 15430 houses leaking rain and cracks, which turned into 368 dilapidated houses and collapsed sheds. The economic loss caused by the disaster was 18.71 million yuan.

5、04年09月，四川省，发生在川东、川北地区的暴雨灾害，已造成19人死亡，21人失踪，40人重伤。24小时降雨量达253．2毫米，江河水位陡涨，并引发山洪暴发及多处泥石流、山体滑坡，目前全县有60个乡镇、101万人受灾。因灾死亡6人，失踪7人，重伤37人。直接经济损失1．56亿元。

5. In September 2004, the rainstorm disaster in the East and north of Sichuan Province caused 19 deaths, 21 missing and 40 seriously injured. The 24-hour rainfall reached 253.2mm, the water level of the river rose sharply, and triggered flash floods and a number of debris flows and landslides. At present, there are 60 towns and 1.01 million people affected in the county. Six people died, seven were missing and 37 were seriously injured. The direct economic loss is 156 million yuan.

6、广东省，西江、北江、珠三角高水位运行状态还将持续数日，暴雨浸泡多日江河湖库，排水后，水灾造成广东54人死亡24亿元损失。

6. In Guangdong Province, the high water level operation of Xijiang River, Beijiang River and Pearl River Delta will continue for several days, with torrential rain soaking rivers, lakes and reservoirs for many days. After drainage, the flood caused 54 deaths in Guangdong Province, with a loss of 2.4 billion yuan.

7、2004年4月湖南衡阳市城区及衡阳县、衡南县突遭暴风雨袭击，风力最大达9级，最大风速达23米/秒。百年古树连根拔起，瓦片乱飞，冰雹足有半个拳头大，街道广告牌被暴风卷起后訇然倒地。此次暴风雨灾害已造成7人死亡，207人受伤。倒塌房屋2430间，其中居民住房1800间，700户农民无家可归。灾区22条高压电全部瘫痪，衡阳县全境停电。农作物受灾面积达1106公顷，其中农作物绝收面积366。9公倾，受灾人口约40万。

7. In April 2004, Hengyang City, Hengyang County and Hengnan County in Hunan Province were hit by a storm. The maximum wind speed reached 9 levels and 23 m / s. Hundreds of years old trees were uprooted, tiles were flying in disorder, hailstones were half a fist big, street billboards were blown up by the storm and then fell to the ground. Seven people have been killed and 207 injured in the storm. There were 2430 collapsed houses, 1800 of which were residential houses, and 700 farmers were homeless. 22 high-voltage power stations in the disaster area were all paralyzed, and power was cut off throughout Hengyang County. The affected area of crops is 1106 hectares, of which 366 are in total crop yield. The affected population is about 400000.

8、05年6月中旬以来台湾南部地区遭遇强降雨，已造成农业损失逾21．77亿元，创下了台湾农业雨害损失金额的最高纪录。。。

8. Since mid June 2005, heavy rainfall in southern Taiwan has caused more than 2.177 billion yuan of agricultural losses, setting a record for the amount of agricultural rain damage in Taiwan...

雨多还带来许多的山泥倾泻：

More rain also brings a lot of Landslides:

1、2005年08月，香港广泛地区持续下大雨。至少二十四宗水浸、二十宗山泥倾泻和三十宗大树倒塌的报告。大屿山交通受山泥倾泻影响，严重受阻。受到连场暴雨的影响，大屿山多处山泥倾泻。大屿山两条主要干道，路面受到多处山泥泻影响需要封闭。二百多名游客在大屿山昂平天坛大佛游览后，被大雨所困。有的地方还水浸，水深一米多。还发生撞车事故，1人受伤。

1. In August 2005, heavy rain continued in a wide area of Hong Kong. At least 24 reports of flooding, 20 reports of landslides and 30 reports of tree collapse. Traffic in Lantau is severely hampered by landslides. Under the influence of continuous rainstorms, many landslides occurred in Lantau. There are two main roads on Lantau Island. The road surface needs to be closed due to many landslides. More than 200 tourists were trapped by heavy rain after visiting the temple of heaven Buddha in angping, Lantau. Some places are still flooded, with a depth of more than one meter. There was also a car crash and one person was injured.

2、印度金融都市孟买连续两日受热带暴风雨的袭击，六十余人死于暴风雨引致的山泥倾泻和洪水泛滥。大多数孟买死者是山边棚户区的居民，很多人是全家同遭活埋。暴雨造成一些地方交通受阻，电力供应和通讯联络中断。孟买市一千二百万人口中，有六成居住在贫民区。孟买市的学校均已停课，校园被用作临时避难所，收容无家可归的灾民。

2. Mumbai, the financial city of India, has been hit by tropical storms for two consecutive days. More than 60 people have been killed by landslides and floods caused by the storms. Most of Mumbai's dead were residents of shantytowns on the mountain side, many of whom were buried alive with their families. The heavy rain caused traffic jams in some places and disrupted power supply and communication. Sixty percent of Mumbai's 12 million people live in slums. Schools in Mumbai have been closed and campuses have been used as temporary shelters for homeless people.

3、2003年12月，菲律宾中部及南部的暴雨及山泥倾泻，死亡人数已经增加到至少151人，多人仍然失踪。地天气持续恶劣，道路受阻，电力供应和对外通讯中断，令救援工作非常困难，不少灾民就徒手挖掘，搜索失踪的家人。

3. In December 2003, heavy rains and landslides in the central and southern Philippines increased the death toll to at least 151, many still missing. The weather continues to be bad, roads are blocked, power supply and external communication are interrupted, which makes the rescue work very difficult. Many victims excavate and search the missing family members by hand.

雨少也会造成旱灾：

Less rain can also cause drought:

干旱：干旱是一种长期无雨或少雨，使土壤水分不足、作物水分平衡遭到破坏而减产的农业气象灾害，也是我国最严重的气象灾害。如果干旱还伴随着破坏性的人类活动，则会引起一系列更为严重的环境恶化问题，在我国主要表现为3个方面：一是干旱引起水资源持续减少，水危机日益突出；二是湖泊水位因干旱而降低，水面缩小甚至干涸；三是干旱导致沙漠化土地明显扩展。

Drought: drought is a kind of agricultural meteorological disaster without rain or little rain for a long time, which leads to the shortage of soil water and the destruction of crop water balance and the reduction of production. It is also the most serious meteorological disaster in China. If the drought is accompanied by destructive human activities, it will cause a series of more serious environmental degradation problems, which are mainly manifested in three aspects in China: first, the water resources continue to decrease due to drought, and the water crisis is increasingly prominent; second, the water level of the lake decreases due to drought, and the water surface shrinks or even dries up; third, the drought leads to the obvious expansion of desertified land.

1、03年非洲大部分地区遭到了百年不遇的大旱灾。36个国家约1。5亿人口面临饥饿的威胁。仅1983年就有1600万人死于饥饿和与营养不良有关的疾病。

1. In 2003, most parts of Africa suffered from the worst drought in a century. About one in 36 countries. 500 million people are threatened by hunger. In 1983 alone, 16 million people died of hunger and malnutrition related diseases.

2、2004年2月，江西遭遇150年来最大的旱灾，连续一星期森林火险等级高达五级。2月中旬以来，江西天气连晴，气温显着偏高，持续的高温造成江西各地火险等级居高不下，火灾频繁发生。

2. In February 2004, Jiangxi suffered the biggest drought in 150 years, and the forest fire risk level reached five levels for a week in a row. Since the middle of February, the weather in Jiangxi has been continuously sunny, and the temperature is significantly higher. The continuous high temperature has caused high fire risk levels and frequent fires in Jiangxi.

3、2005年08月，受降雨严重偏少影响，自六月中旬开始，湖南湘西自治州出现旱情。随着晴热高温天气持续近二个月，该州旱情进一步加剧。该州有二百一十八个乡镇、二千五百多个村、一百八十六万人口受灾，近二百四十万亩农作物和果林因旱受灾，直接经济损失高达十一亿多元。持续旱灾还造成该州部分地区农作物绝收和居民饮水困难。在受灾严重的古丈县断龙山乡，四千五百亩水稻因灾绝收。受持续旱灾影响，七百多人口出现饮水困难。

3. In August 2005, due to the severe rainfall, there was a drought in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture of Hunan Province since the middle of June. With the hot and sunny weather lasting for nearly two months, the state's drought intensified. There are 218 townships, more than 25000 villages and 1.86 million people affected in the prefecture. Nearly 2.4 million mu of crops and fruit trees are affected by drought, with a direct economic loss of more than 1.1 billion yuan. The persistent drought has also resulted in crop failures and water problems for residents in parts of the state. In duanlongshan township of Guzhang County, which was seriously affected by the disaster, 4500 mu of rice was wiped out by the disaster. Affected by the continuous drought, more than 700 people have difficulty drinking water.

4、2003年3月，内蒙古又遭受春夏连旱。干旱最严重的赤峰市、锡林郭勒盟持续干旱达380天，是1957年有气象记载以来从未有过的。严重的干旱使内蒙古部分地区粮食严重减产。全区有4000多万亩农作物受灾，占总播面积的65%，其中因旱未播面积480万亩，播后未出苗的280万亩，减产三至五成的1500万亩。再加上调整种植结构减少粮田面积约500万亩，因此，粮食减产已成定局。特大干旱使全区畜牧业损失严重。严重的旱灾还给农牧民生产生活造成严重困难。全区有211万人发生饮水困难。全区不同程度缺粮人口达500万人，缺粮总数达10亿公斤。严重的旱灾还对以后的农牧业生产，造成较大影响。

4. In March 2003, Inner Mongolia suffered from continuous drought in spring and summer. Chifeng City and Xilin Gol League, the most arid City, suffered from a continuous drought of 380 days, which was never recorded since 1957. The serious drought has seriously reduced the grain production in some areas of Inner Mongolia. There are more than 40 million mu of crops affected in the whole area, accounting for 65% of the total sown area, of which 4.8 million mu is not sown due to drought, 2.8 million mu is not seeded after sowing, and 15 million mu is cut by 30-50%. In addition, the adjustment of planting structure reduces the area of grain fields by about 5 million mu, so the reduction of grain production has become a foregone conclusion. The serious drought caused serious loss of animal husbandry in the whole region. The serious drought also caused serious difficulties to the production and life of farmers and herdsmen. There are 2.11 million people in the region who have difficulty drinking water. There are 5 million people who lack food in different degrees in the whole region, and the total amount of food shortage is 1 billion kg. The serious drought also has a great impact on the later production of agriculture and animal husbandry.

“大雨大灾，小雨小灾，没雨旱灾”。随着我国城市化进程的加快，我国的城市建设在取得巨大成就的同时，我门忽略了自然环境。这些灾难也是人类自己一手做成的。或许这些灾难就是要警戒人类，让人类认识到，再这样下去人类始终会毁灭掉自己，毁灭掉自己的家园。

"Heavy rain and heavy disaster, light rain and small disaster, no rain and drought". With the acceleration of urbanization in China, great achievements have been made in urban construction, while the natural environment has been ignored. These disasters are also made by human beings themselves. Perhaps these disasters are to warn human beings and let them realize that in this way, human beings will always destroy themselves and their homes.

在我们的生活中还有一些怪雨：

There are also some strange rains in our life:

梅雨

Plum rains

6月中旬东亚季风推进到江淮流域。此时，在湖北宜昌以东28°-34°N之间出现连阴雨天气，雨量很大。由于这一时期江南的梅子熟了，人们也称之为“梅雨”。此时空气湿度较大，东西极易发霉，也有人称之为“霉雨”。

In the middle of June, the East Asian monsoon pushed into the Yangtze Huaihe River Basin. At this time, there is continuous rainy weather between 28 ° - 34 ° n East of Yichang, Hubei Province, with a large amount of rainfall. Because the plum in the south of the Yangtze River was ripe in this period, it was also called "Meiyu". At this time, the air humidity is relatively high and things are prone to mildew, which is also called "mildew".

梅雨对各行各业都有较大的影响，早梅年份容易造成烂麦场。梅雨量多的年份相对来讲暴雨、大暴雨较多，容易造成洪涝灾害，给人民生命财产造成很大的威胁，比如1954年、1969年、1972年、1991年。梅雨量特少或空梅易形成干旱，造成人、畜饮用水都很困难，农田干枯开裂造成秋季减产。一般情况下，适当的梅雨将对农业生产比较有利，因梅雨前一般比较少雨，梅雨的到来将补充插秧用水。梅雨期间在做好防汛的同时还要做好适当蓄水工作，以备夏季晴热少雨、高温季节用水。

Meiyu has a great influence on all walks of life. Early plum year is easy to cause rotten wheat field. In the years with more rainfall, there are more rainstorms and torrential rains, which are easy to cause flood disaster and great threat to people's life and property, such as 1954, 1969, 1972 and 1991. It is difficult for people and animals to drink water, and the dry and cracked farmland results in the fall yield reduction. In general, appropriate Meiyu will be more beneficial to agricultural production. Because there is less rain before Meiyu, the arrival of Meiyu will supplement the water for transplanting seedlings. During the Meiyu period, proper water storage should be done while flood prevention is well done, so as to prepare water for the sunny, hot, rainy and hot seasons in summer.

酸雨

acid rain

简单地说，酸雨就是酸性的雨。酸雨，人称“空中死神”，是目前人类遇到的全球性区域灾难之一。

In short, acid rain is acid rain. Acid rain, known as the "God of death in the air", is one of the global regional disasters that human beings are facing at present.

目前，全球有三大块酸雨地区：西欧，北美和东南亚。我国长江以南也存在连片的酸雨区域。酸性物质的干湿沉降酸雨危害环境。这种危害包括森林退化，湖泊酸化，鱼类死亡，水生生物种群减少，农田土壤酸化、贫脊，有毒重金属污染增强，粮食、蔬菜、瓜果大面积减产，使建筑物和桥梁损坏，文物面目皆非。

At present, there are three major areas of acid rain in the world: Western Europe, North America and Southeast Asia. There are continuous acid rain areas in the south of the Yangtze River. Acid rain is harmful to environment. Such hazards include forest degradation, Lake acidification, death of fish, reduction of aquatic organism population, acidification and poor ridge of farmland and soil, increase of toxic heavy metal pollution, large-scale reduction of grain, vegetable, melon and fruit production, damage to buildings and bridges, and cultural relics.

酸雨对人类的影响，我们最直接的反应就是会”秃头〃，但是否真正会导致秃头，科学家们仍再努力研究，但大家还是少淋雨为妙。酸污染对人类最严重的副作用就是呼吸方面的问题。例如哮喘、乾咳、头痛、和眼睛、鼻子、喉咙的过敏。

The most direct response to the impact of acid rain on human beings is "baldness". However, scientists are still working hard to find out whether it will actually lead to baldness, but it's better for us to get less rain. The most serious side effect of acid pollution on human is respiratory problems. For example, asthma, dry cough, headache, and allergies to eyes, nose, and throat.

硫酸随着降雨落到地球而造成严重损害，土壤中的养分也会流失，因此树木会因为维持生命所必须的钙和镁的流失而枯死。

With the rain falling on the earth, sulfuric acid causes serious damage, and the nutrients in the soil will also be lost, so trees will die because of the loss of calcium and magnesium necessary to maintain life.

酸雨会影响农作物稻子的叶子，同时土壤中的金属元素因被酸雨溶解，造成矿物质大量流失，植物无法获得充足的养分，将枯萎、死亡。

Acid rain will affect the leaves of crop rice, at the same time, the metal elements in the soil will be dissolved by acid rain, resulting in a large amount of mineral loss, the plant can not get enough nutrients, will wither and die.

酸雨也造成暴露在外的雕像受到侵蚀，这造成文化资产的破坏，令许多人担忧。

Acid rain also eroded the exposed statues, which caused the destruction of cultural assets and worried many people.

泥雨

mud rain

2001-04-10沙尘泥雨突袭西安。因为沙尘泥雨天气，降温10摄氏度左右，风力达到六级，对正值开花期的苹果等农作物生产带来很大的负面影响。

On April 10, 2001, dust, mud and rain raided Xi'an. Because of the dust, mud and rain weather, the temperature is about 10 ℃, and the wind force reaches level 6, which has a great negative impact on the production of apples and other crops in the flowering period.

3月10日，整个朝鲜地区都受到了严重的沙尘暴袭击，而在朝鲜首都平壤、沙里院等局部地区更出现了泥雨现象。平壤、沙里院等地先出现泥雨现象，之后在朝鲜全国范围内刮起漫天的沙尘暴，整个天空都呈现出昏黄色，能见度只有200米，严重地影响了当地居民的健康和城市的交通安全。

On March 10, the whole North Korean region was seriously attacked by sandstorms, and mud rain appeared in the North Korean capital Pyongyang, Shari yuan and other parts of the country. Muddy rain first appeared in Pyongyang, shariyuan and other places, and then there were sandstorms all over the country. The whole sky was faint yellow with visibility of only 200m, which seriously affected the health of local residents and the traffic safety of the city.