话说千古风流人物

大家都听说过朱元璋吧！！！他的大儿子的儿子，也就是他的皇太孙——朱允炆。这也是个风流人物呢！

Everyone has heard of Zhu Yuanzhang!!! His eldest son's son, Zhu Yunwen, was his grandson. This is also a personage!

明惠帝朱允炆(1377—？），明太祖朱元璋的嫡次孙，明朝的第二个皇帝。

Zhu Yunwen (1377 -?) Zhu Yuanzhang's second grandson, the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

朱允炆1377年十二月五日出生，生母是吕妃，父亲懿文太子朱标。洪武三十一年（1398年）闰五月，朱元璋驾崩，终年71岁。皇太孙朱允炆继位，改年号建文，称建文帝。因削藩，导致叔父燕王发动“靖难之役”。建文帝的帝王之旅，四年即告结束，国破人不知所向。清乾隆皇帝追谥恭闵惠皇帝。南明安宗朱由崧追尊建文帝为嗣天章道诚懿渊恭觐文扬武克仁笃孝让皇帝，庙号惠宗。

Zhu Yunwen was born on December 5, 1377. His mother is concubine LV, and his father is Zhu Biao, Prince Yiwen. Zhu Yuanzhang died in the leap may of 1398, when he was 71 years old. Zhu Yunwen, the great grandson of the emperor, succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Jianwen. As a result of cutting vassals, his uncle, King Yan, launched the "war of pacification". The four years of emperor Jianwen's journey to the emperor ended. The country's broken people didn't know where to go. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty pursued the posthumous title of emperor Gong Minhui. Zhu Yousong, the emperor of Anzong in Nanming Dynasty, pursued and respected the emperor Jianwen as the successor of tianzhang. He was sincere and respectful. He praised the emperor for his benevolence and filial piety. His temple was called Huizong.

明太祖朱元璋是历史上了不起的皇帝，他由一个放牛娃、寺庙里的小沙弥，经过十几年的戎马生涯，一举扫荡群雄、推翻元朝，开创了大明基业。他深知，创业难，守业亦难，因此十分重视对接班人的培养。他登上皇位的同时，就册立了长子朱标为皇太子，并延请名儒宋濂等人为太子之师，希望能将朱标培养成为一代明主。然而天有不测风云，洪武25年（1392年）四月，年仅38岁的皇太子朱标英年早逝，史称“懿文太子”，这令朱元璋异常伤心。朱元璋制定的嫡长子继承制受到了考验，朱元璋不得不重新选择他的继承人。而若根据嫡长继承制度，应该将皇位传给太子的长子，也就是虞怀王朱雄英，但是雄英于洪武15年（1382年）5月薨，这样朱标次子朱允炆就成为首选。

Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, was a great emperor in history. After more than ten years of military career, he was a cowherd boy and a little monk in the temple. He wiped out all the heroes and overthrew the Yuan Dynasty at one stroke, creating the foundation of Ming Dynasty. He knows that it's hard to start a business, and it's also hard to stay in business, so he attaches great importance to the cultivation of successors. When he ascended the throne, he established Zhu Biao, the eldest son, as the crown prince, and invited famous scholars such as Song Lian to be the prince's teacher, hoping to cultivate Zhu Biao into a master of the Ming Dynasty. However, in April of the 25th year of Hongwu's reign (1392), Zhu Biao, the 38 year old crown prince, died prematurely, known as "Prince Yiwen", which made Zhu Yuanzhang extremely sad. Zhu Yuanzhang's system of inheriting his eldest son was put to the test. Zhu Yuanzhang had to choose his successor again. According to the system of succession, the throne should be passed on to the eldest son of the crown prince, Zhu Xiongying, the king of Yu Huai. However, Xiongying died in May of Hongwu 15 (1382), so Zhu Yunwen, the second son of Zhu Biao, became the first choice.

然而朱元璋担心朱允炆儒雅仁柔，难以担负起治理国家的重任。此外，朱元璋也曾考虑过从几个儿子中选择。二子秦王朱樉此时最长，但他实在玉不琢不成器，荒唐成性。四子燕王朱棣文韬武略，有许多地方都与自己非常相似，是个不错的人选。一次，朱元璋对几个心腹大臣流露出立燕王的可能性时，翰林学士刘三吾认为不可，“立燕王，置秦、晋王于何地？且皇长孙四海归心，皇上无忧矣。”当时朱元璋已经分封了诸王，而且皇二、三、四子分别被封为了秦、晋、燕王，三人的封地都是边境重镇，而且手握重兵，一但由于争储而出现内讧，后果将非常严重。朱元璋于是下定决心，9月，立朱允炆为皇太孙。

However, Zhu Yuanzhang was worried that Zhu Yunwen could not shoulder the responsibility of governing the country. In addition, Zhu Yuanzhang also considered choosing from several sons. Zhu Jian, the second son of the king of Qin, is the longest at this time, but he's really a man who can't make a thing out of jade. Giulia Teevenyvullo, the king of four swallows, is a good candidate because he is very similar to himself in many places. Once, when Zhu Yuanzhang revealed the possibility of establishing the king of Yan to several intimate ministers, Liu Sanwu, a scholar in the Imperial Academy, thought that it was impossible to "establish the king of Yan, where to set up the king of Qin and Jin?"? And when the emperor's eldest son returns to his heart, the emperor has no worries. " At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang had already sealed the kings, and the second, third and fourth sons of the emperor were respectively sealed as king of Qin, Jin and Yan. All the three were important border towns, and they were armed with heavy troops. Once there was internal strife due to the struggle for reserves, the consequences would be very serious. Zhu Yuanzhang made up his mind to make Zhu Yunwen emperor's grandson in September.

洪武三十一年（1398年）闰五月，明太祖朱元璋驾崩，终年71岁。遗诏命皇太孙朱允炆继位。

In the thirty first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, died in leap may at the age of 71. Zhu Yunwen, the grandson of the emperor, was ordered to succeed.

洪武三十一年（1398年）闰五月，明太祖朱元璋驾崩，终年71岁。朱允炆即位，改年号建文，称建文帝。从年号来看，一个建文，一个洪武，二位皇帝的性格截然不同，而且朱元璋不愿立皇太孙的一个重要原因就是朱允炆像他的父亲一样，过于柔弱，过于仁慈，受儒家思想的影响太严重，恐怕日后会吃大亏。

In the thirty first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty, died in leap may at the age of 71. Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne and changed his year to Jianwen, who was called Jianwen emperor. In terms of the year number, one Jianwen, one Hongwu and two emperors have very different personalities, and one of the important reasons why Zhu Yuanzhang is unwilling to establish the emperor's grandson is that Zhu Yunwen, like his father, is too weak, too kind, too seriously influenced by Confucianism, I'm afraid that he will suffer great losses in the future.

生性“仁明孝友”的朱允炆，22岁的时候被推上了权力的巅峰，承继了朱元璋开创的一统天下，改年号为建文。然而，细心的大臣会发现，新君的脸上并没有君临天下的惊喜，更多的则是愁容。是啊，年轻的皇帝面前有两道难解的题目：一是如何改变太祖建国以来形成的动辄杀戮的严峻政治氛围；二是如何解决太祖分封宗藩形成的尾大不掉的局面。也许太祖朱元璋生前并没有想到，外表仁弱的皇太孙登基伊始就开始着手变革他所开创的大明王朝。

Zhu Yunwen, who was born as a "benevolent and filial friend", was pushed to the peak of power at the age of 22, inheriting the rule of the world created by Zhu Yuanzhang, and changed his name to Jianwen. However, careful ministers will find that the new king's face is not the king's surprise in the world, but more sad. Yes, there are two difficult problems in front of the young emperor: one is how to change the severe political atmosphere of the frequent killing formed since the founding of Taizu; the other is how to solve the situation of the endless feudalism of Taizu. Perhaps the Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang did not expect that the emperor TAISUN, who was weak in appearance, began to change the Ming dynasty he founded when he became king.

建文帝即位之后，一改洪武时期的紧张气氛，使中国大地吹过了一阵清风，他重用黄子澄、齐泰、方孝孺等文人，对先朝的政治实行改革，为无论是百姓，还是官吏都创造了一个宽松的环境。建文帝实行惠民政策，减免租赋，赈济灾民，老弱病残者由国家扶养；重视农业生产，兴办学校，考察官吏，任用贤能，派侍郎暴昭、夏原吉等24人充任采访史，分巡天下，以体察情。

After the emperor Jianwen ascended the throne, he changed the tense atmosphere of Hongwu Period, which made the land of China blow a breeze. He used Huang Zicheng, Qi Tai, Fang Xiaoru and other scholars to reform the politics of the first dynasty, creating a loose environment for both the people and the officials. Emperor Jianwen implemented the policy of benefiting the people, reducing rent and taxes, relieving the victims, and supporting the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled by the state; he attached great importance to agricultural production, set up schools, inspected officials, appointed talents, and sent 24 servants, such as Lang BaoZhao and Xia Yuanji, to serve as the interview history, touring the world separately, and experiencing the situation.

洪武年间，经过太祖朱元璋的整治，当时国家统一，社会安定，经济得到了恢复和发展，吏治较以前大为清明。然而他生性“雄猜好杀”，屡次兴起大狱，动辄杀戮，政治气氛非常凝重，文武大臣人人自危。建文帝对局势有着深刻的认识，因此继位伊始，就着手改革，改变了太祖朱元璋的一些弊政，史称“建文新政”。

During the Hongwu Period, after Zhu Yuanzhang's renovation, the country was unified, the society was stable, the economy was restored and developed, and the official administration was more clear than before. However, he was born with a "male guess is good at killing", and he raised a prison for many times, often killing. The political atmosphere was very dignified, and the civil and military ministers were in danger. Emperor Jianwen had a deep understanding of the situation, so at the beginning of his succession, he began to reform and changed some of the maladies of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu, known as the "new deal of Jianwen".

太祖朱元璋用武力夺得天下，自然而然地形成了右武的局面。洪武时，军事衙门大都督府的左右都督都是正一品，都督同知也是从一品，而六部尚书却只有正二品。《大明律》中明文规定文官不许封公侯，因此朱元璋的主要谋士刘基仅仅得封“诚意伯”，而武将得封公侯者多，称王者也不少。这种局面下，文官在议论朝政中的地位可想而知。

Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor Taizu, captured the world by force and naturally formed the situation of right force. In Hongwu's time, the right and left governors of the military yamen's Dufu were all of the first grade, and the Dudu knew the same thing from the first grade, while the six ministers only had the second grade. In the law of the Ming Dynasty, it was clearly stipulated that civil servants were not allowed to be granted titles of princes. Therefore, Liu Ji, Zhu Yuanzhang's chief counselor, was only granted the title of "sincere uncle", while there were many generals who were granted titles of princes, and many who were called kings. In this situation, the position of civil servants in the discussion of the government can be imagined.

建文帝有意结束其祖父尚武的政风，大力加强文官在国家政事中的作用。初登大宝之时，他自己确定新年号为“建文”，与乃祖父“洪武”刚好形成鲜明的对照，从中可见建文帝治国方略的改变。他还立即将六部尚书升为正一品，大开科举考试，并下诏要求荐举优通文学之士，授之官职。

Emperor Jianwen intended to end his grandfather's military style and strengthen the role of civil servants in state affairs. When he first boarded Dabao, he decided to call the new year "Jianwen", which was in sharp contrast to his grandfather "Hongwu", from which we can see the change of the general plan of Jianwen emperor. He also immediately took six Shang Shusheng as the first grade, opened the imperial examination, and issued an imperial edict to recommend the scholars of excellent literature to be awarded the official positions.