伊朗宗教领袖称3G网络不道德

A Grand Ayatollah in Iran has determined that access to high-speed and 3G Internet is “against Sharia” and “against moral standards.” In answer to a question published on his website, Grand Ayatollah Nasser Makarem Shirazi, one of the country’s highest clerical authorities, issued a fatwa, stating “All third generation [3G] and high-speed internet services, prior to realization of the required conditions for the National Information Network [Iran’s government-controlled and censored Internet which is under development], is against Sharia [and] against moral and human standards.”

伊朗一位大阿亚图拉（什叶派宗教领袖的尊称）最近宣布高速互联网和3G互联网有违伊斯兰教法，并且不符合道德标准。在他的个人网站中，大阿亚图拉纳赛尔•马卡拉姆•设拉子发布了一道伊斯兰教令，称“在国家信息网络（伊朗正在开发中的政府控制-审查互联网）的必要条件还未实现之前，所有第三代网络和高速互联网服务都是违反伊斯兰教法，并且违反道德和人类标准的。”

He added that “Judicial officials must not remain indifferent about this vital issue.” The question was raised for the Grand Ayatollah by “a group of cyber space activists,” according to his website.

这位大阿亚图拉还表示“司法官员一定不能对此类关乎国家存亡的问题不闻不问。”从其个人网站上可知，该问题是由“一群网络激进分子”向他提出来的。

Internet access has been an ongoing struggle between Iran’s hardliners, who retain key bases of power in the judicial, intelligence and security branches of government and wish to maintain strict censorship and control over all information, and the 42 million Iranians—some 55% of the population—who use the Internet. Internet speed is a critical weapon in this battle, as the authorities frequently slow the speed of the Internet as a means to render it effectively useless, thereby depriving the citizenry of the online access it needs for professional, educational, and commercial use.

由于伊朗政府的司法部门、情报和安全部门一直以来都掌握在政府的强硬路线派手中，所以伊朗的互联网接入一直举步维艰，强硬派希望对伊朗政府能对4200万伊朗网民（约占全伊朗人口55%）实施严格的互联网审查并能控制所有信息。在这场较量中，网速是至关重要的武器，伊朗政府为了减少互联网的用处，常常采取降低网速的手段，导致许多专业性、教育性和商用互联网应用无法使用。

During his presidential election campaign in 2013, the centrist Hassan Rouhani responded to demands of his supporters for higher speed Internet access by saying: “We are in a situation where our researchers and students wish to use the Internet. Our people deserve better than to wait for information on the Internet.”

在 2013年伊朗总统大选中，中立派议员哈桑•鲁哈尼对他的支持者提出的提高网速的要求给出了这样的答复：“我们的研究人员和学生目前希望使用互联网。我们的人民不应该将时间花在等待网络信息上。”

Shortly after taking office, Rouhani’s Minister of Communications and Information Technology, Mahmoud Vaezi, said in December 2013 that Internet speeds will increase to double and triple their existing rates. He also acknowledged the public demand for higher Internet bandwidth and speed and said that a three-year plan will address the issue.

上台后不久，鲁哈尼政府通信和信息技术部部长穆罕默德•瓦埃齐曾表示，2013年12月前伊朗的网速将提高至现有速度的两至三倍。他也承认公众需要更快的互联网带宽和网速，并表示通过三年计划能够解决现有问题。

However, conservative, religious, and security organizations and officials fear the loss of control that a faster Internet will bring, and as such resist the administration’s efforts to provide the faster services. As significant as a Grand Ayatollah’s fatwa is, it is not mandatory for the administration to enforce it. Nevertheless, the gesture is indicative of the clerics’ strong views on the issue and the difficulties the Rouhani administration will have in delivering such capabilities.

然而，伊朗的保守份子、宗教组织和安全部门以及政府官员害怕对速度更快的互联网可能会导致失控，因此抵抗政府的决定。虽然大阿亚图拉发布了这道教令，但政府有权不执行。不过，这也预示了宗教界对互联网接入速度问题的强硬态度，也表示鲁哈尼政府要实现“网速加倍”这个目标会比较困难。

The conservative majority of the Iranian Parliament wants the Rouhani administration to abandon its plans for faster Internet, and to continue pursuing development of the National Information Network, (National Intranet) which was begun under the previous Ahmadinejad administration and will give the government total control over Internet access inside Iran. On July 6, 2017, several Members of Parliament issued a written warning to the Communications Minister about his concentration on what they called “secondary issues” such as “Internet bandwidth,” or “un-blocking Internet websites,” and demanded that he switch to establishing the National Intranet.

伊朗国会中占多数的保守派希望鲁哈尼政府能放弃提高网速的计划，并继续从内贾德政府开始的国家信息网络开发，这样政府才能完全掌控伊朗国内所有的互联网接入。2017年7月6日，国会中的一些成员还对通信部长发出了书面警告，不允许他提高“互联网带宽”也不允许“对某些互联网网站不进行阻拦”，警告中称通信部长将大量时间花在提高网速这类“次要问题”上，并要求他放弃前者，继续投入国家信息网络的建设。

Any limitations Iranian officials and high-ranking clerics impose on Internet access are in violation of UN treaties. The UN adopted a resolution in 2017, which stipulates that Internet access is a right for all peoples of the world, and demands that countries respect the right to free expression and free access to the Internet and guarantee this right for their citizens.

伊朗官方及高级传教士对互联网接入等方面的任何限制都是违反联合国条约的。联合国援引2017年一项明确规定互联网权利人人享有的决议，要求所有国家尊重并保证国民自由表达、自由使用互联网的权利。

Rouhollah Momen, a former Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance official from the previous Ahmadinejad cabinet, told the Communication and Information Technology News Agency (CITNA) on August 21 that Grand Ayatollahs and top clerics of Qom have expressed their concerns about the implementation of 3G Internet and higher in the country. "If the Ministry of Communications does not pay attention to the sensitivities of the people and the ulama [high-ranking clerics], [the Ministry] will have no choice but to prepare itself for significant developments at the Parliament and in society,” he said, adding, “This is why Qom ulama have said that if their warnings are not heeded, they are even prepared to come to Tehran to object to this issue.”

伊朗文化和伊斯兰指导部前部长莫门8月21日告诉CITNA的记者，几位大阿亚图拉和库姆市的几名最高传教士表达了他们伊朗高速网络和3G互联网的担忧。“如果通信部不关心人民和乌力马（穆斯林的学者或宗教、法律的权威）的敏感问题，那么通信部除了为自身在国会和社会的长足发展做好准备以外没有其它选择。”他还表示如果警告没有效果，库姆市的乌力马准备前往德黑兰进行抗议。

Mahmoud Khosravi, Chairman of the Board and Managing Director of the Ertebatat-e Zirsakht (Communications Infrastructure) Company, stated recently that three million new requests for high-speed Internet services had been filed.

一家通讯基础设施公司的总经理穆罕默德•科霍斯罗维称最近已有近三百万提出使用高速互联网的申请。