国防白皮书：中国武装力量的多样化运用（中英对照）

中华人民共和国国务院资讯办公室

目　录

前　言

一、新形势、新挑战、新使命

二、武装力量建设与发展

三、捍卫国家主权、安全、领土完整

四、保障国家经济社会发展

五、维护世界和平和地区稳定

结束语

附　录

Editor's note: The following is the full text of a white paper on China's armed forces published by the Information Office of the State Council, China's cabinet, on Tuesday and released by Xinhua News Agency.

前　言

当今时代，和平与发展面临新的机遇和挑战。紧紧把握机遇，共同应对挑战，合作维护安全，携手实现发展，是时代赋予各国人民的历史使命。

走和平发展道路，是中国坚定不移的国家意志和战略抉择。中国始终不渝奉行独立自主的和平外交政策和防御性国防政策，反对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治，不干涉别国内政，永远不争霸，永远不称霸，永远不搞军事扩张。中国倡导互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，寻求实现综合安全、共同安全、合作安全。

建设与中国国际地位相称、与国家安全和发展利益相适应的巩固国防和强大军队，是中国现代化建设的战略任务，也是中国实现和平发展的坚强保障。中国武装力量适应国家发展战略和安全战略的新要求，坚持科学发展观的指导思想地位，加快转变战斗力生成模式，构建中国特色现代军事力量体系，与时俱进加强军事战略指导，拓展武装力量运用方式，为国家发展提供安全保障和战略支撑，为维护世界和平和地区稳定作出应有贡献。

Preface

In today's world, peace and development are facing new opportunities and challenges. It is a historic mission entrusted by the era to people of all nations to firmly grasp the opportunities, jointly meet the challenges, cooperatively maintain security and collectively achieve development.

It is China's unshakable national commitment and strategic choice to take the road of peaceful development. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature. China opposes any form of hegemonism or power politics, and does not interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. China will never seek hegemony or behave in a hegemonic manner, nor will it engage in military expansion. China advocates a new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, and pursues comprehensive security, common security and cooperative security.

It is a strategic task of China's modernization drive as well as a strong guarantee for China's peaceful development to build a strong national defense and powerful armed forces which are commensurate with China's international standing and meet the needs of its security and development interests. China's armed forces act to meet the new requirements of China's national development and security strategies, follow the theoretical guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development, speed up the transformation of the generating mode of combat effectiveness, build a system of modern military forces with Chinese characteristics, enhance military strategic guidance and diversify the ways of employing armed forces as the times require. China's armed forces provide security guarantee and strategic support for national development, and make due contributions to the maintenance of world peace and regional stability.

一、新形势、新挑战、新使命

I. New Situation, New Challenges and New Missions

新世纪以来，世界发生深刻复杂变化，和平与发展仍然是时代主题。经济全球化、世界多极化深入发展，文化多样化、社会信息化持续推进，国际力量对比朝着有利于维护世界和平方向发展，国际形势保持总体和平稳定的基本态势。与此同时，世界仍然很不安宁，霸权主义、强权政治和新干涉主义有所上升，局部动荡频繁发生，热点问题此起彼伏，传统与非传统安全挑战交织互动，国际军事领域竞争更趋激烈，国际安全问题的突发性、关联性、综合性明显上升。亚太地区日益成为世界经济发展和大国战略博弈的重要舞台，美国调整亚太安全战略，地区格局深刻调整。

Since the beginning of the new century, profound and complex changes have taken place in the world, but peace and development remain the underlying trends of our times. The global trends toward economic globalization and multi-polarity are intensifying, cultural diversity is increasing, and an information society is fast emerging. The balance of international forces is shifting in favor of maintaining world peace, and on the whole the international situation remains peaceful and stable. Meanwhile, however, the world is still far from being tranquil. There are signs of increasing hegemonism, power politics and neo-interventionism. Local turmoils occur frequently. Hot-spot issues keep cropping up. Traditional and non-traditional security challenges interweave and interact. Competition is intensifying in the international military field. International security issues are growing noticeably more abrupt, interrelated and comprehensive. The Asia-Pacific region has become an increasingly significant stage for world economic development and strategic interaction between major powers. The US is adjusting its Asia-Pacific security strategy, and the regional landscape is undergoing profound changes.

中国紧紧抓住和用好发展的重要战略机遇期，现代化建设成就举世瞩目，综合国力大幅跃升，人民生活显著改善，社会大局保持稳定，两岸关系继续呈现和平发展势头，国际竞争力和影响力不断提高。但是，中国仍面临多元复杂的安全威胁和挑战，生存安全问题和发展安全问题、传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，维护国家统一、维护领土完整、维护发展利益的任务艰巨繁重。有的国家深化亚太军事同盟，扩大军事存在，频繁制造地区紧张局势。个别邻国在涉及中国领土主权和海洋权益上采取使问题复杂化、扩大化的举动，日本在钓鱼岛问题上制造事端。恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义“三股势力”威胁上升。“台独”分裂势力及其分裂活动仍然是两岸关系和平发展的最大威胁。重大自然灾害、安全事故和公共卫生事件频发，影响社会和谐稳定的因素增加，国家海外利益安全风险上升。机械化战争形态向信息化战争形态加速演变，主要国家大力发展军事高新技术，抢占太空、网络空间等国际竞争战略制高点。

China has seized and made the most of this important period of strategic opportunities for its development, and its modernization achievements have captured world attention. China's overall national strength has grown dramatically and the Chinese people's lives have been remarkably improved. China enjoys general social stability and cross-Straits relations are sustaining a momentum of peaceful development. China's international competitiveness and influence are steadily increasing. However, China still faces multiple and complicated security threats and challenges. The issues of subsistence and development security and the traditional and non-traditional threats to security are interwoven. Therefore, China has an arduous task to safeguard its national unification, territorial integrity and development interests.

Some country has strengthened its Asia-Pacific military alliances, expanded its military presence in the region, and frequently makes the situation there tenser. On the issues concerning China's territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, some neighboring countries are taking actions that complicate or exacerbate the situation, and Japan is making trouble over the issue of the Diaoyu Islands. The threats posed by "three forces," namely, terrorism, separatism and extremism, are on the rise. The "Taiwan independence" separatist forces and their activities are still the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations. Serious natural disasters, security accidents and public health incidents keep occurring. Factors affecting social harmony and stability are growing in number, and the security risks to China's overseas interests are on the increase. Changes in the form of war from mechanization to informationization are accelerating. Major powers are vigorously developing new and more sophisticated military technologies so as to ensure that they can maintain strategic superiorities in international competition in such areas as outer space and cyber space.

面对复杂多变的安全环境，人民解放军坚决履行新世纪新阶段历史使命，拓展国家安全战略和军事战略视野，立足打赢信息化条件下局部战争，积极运筹和平时期武装力量运用，有效应对多种安全威胁，完成多样化军事任务。

Facing a complex and volatile security situation, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) resolutely carries out its historical missions for the new stage in the new century. China's armed forces broaden their visions of national security strategy and military strategy, aim at winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make active planning for the use of armed forces in peacetime, deal effectively with various security threats and accomplish diversified military tasks.

中国武装力量的多样化运用，坚持以下基本政策和原则：

The diversified employment of China's armed forces adheres to fundamental policies and principles as follows:

——维护国家主权、安全、领土完整，保障国家和平发展。这是中国加强国防建设的目的，也是宪法和法律赋予中国武装力量的神圣职责。坚定不移实行积极防御军事战略，防备和抵抗侵略，遏制分裂势力，保卫边防、海防、空防安全，维护国家海洋权益和在太空、网络空间的安全利益。坚持“人不犯我，我不犯人，人若犯我，我必犯人”，坚决采取一切必要措施维护国家主权和领土完整。

Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, and supporting the country's peaceful development. This is the goal of China's efforts in strengthening its national defense and the sacred mission of its armed forces, as stipulated in the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws. China's armed forces unswervingly implement the military strategy of active defense, guard against and resist aggression, contain separatist forces, safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security, and protect national maritime rights and interests and national security interests in outer space and cyberspace. "We will not attack unless we are attacked; but we will surely counterattack if attacked." Following this principle, China will resolutely take all necessary measures to safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.

——立足打赢信息化条件下局部战争，拓展和深化军事斗争准备。坚定不移把军事斗争准备基点放在打赢信息化条件下局部战争上，统筹推进各战略方向军事斗争准备，加强军兵种力量联合运用，提高基于信息系统的体系作战能力。创新发展人民战争战略战术，推进军民融合式发展，提高国防动员和后备力量建设质量。全面提高日常战备水平，加强针对性战备演习演练，周密组织边海空防战备巡逻和执勤，妥善应对各种危机和重大突发事件。

Aiming to win local wars under the conditions of informationization and expanding and intensifying military preparedness. China's armed forces firmly base their military preparedness on winning local wars under the conditions of informationization, make overall and coordinated plans to promote military preparedness in all strategic directions, intensify the joint employment of different services and arms, and enhance warfighting capabilities based on information systems. They constantly bring forward new ideas for the strategies and tactics of people's war, advance integrated civilian-military development, and enhance the quality of national defense mobilization and reserve force building. They raise in an all-round way the level of routine combat readiness, intensify scenario-oriented exercises and drills, conduct well-organized border, coastal and territorial air patrols and duties for combat readiness, and handle appropriately various crises and major emergencies.

——树立综合安全观念，有效遂行非战争军事行动任务。适应安全威胁新变化，重视和平时期武装力量运用。积极参加和支援国家经济社会建设，坚决完成抢险救灾等急难险重任务。依照法律规定履行维护国家安全和稳定职能，坚决打击敌对势力颠覆破坏活动，打击各种暴力恐怖活动，遂行安保警戒任务。加强应急救援、海上护航、撤离海外公民等海外行动能力建设，为维护国家海外利益提供可靠的安全保障。

Formulating the concept of comprehensive security and effectively conducting military operations other than war (MOOTW). China's armed forces adapt themselves to the new changes of security threats, and emphasize the employment of armed forces in peacetime. They actively participate in and assist China's economic and social development, and resolutely accomplish urgent, difficult, hazardous, and arduous tasks involving emergency rescue and disaster relief. As stipulated by law, they perform their duties of maintaining national security and stability, steadfastly subduing subversive and sabotage attempts by hostile forces, cracking down on violent and terrorist activities, and accomplishing security-provision and guarding tasks. In addition, they strengthen overseas operational capabilities such as emergency response and rescue, merchant vessel protection at sea and evacuation of Chinese nationals, and provide reliable security support for China's interests overseas.

——深化安全合作，履行国际义务。中国武装力量是国际安全合作的倡导者、推动者和参与者。坚持和平共处五项原则，全方位开展对外军事交往，发展不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的军事合作关系，推动建立公平有效的集体安全机制和军事互信机制。坚持开放、务实、合作的理念，深化同各国军队的交流与合作，加强边境地区建立信任措施合作，推进海上安全对话与合作，参加联合国维和行动、国际反恐合作、国际护航和救灾行动，举行中外联演联训。认真履行应尽的国际责任和义务，为维护世界和平、安全、稳定发挥积极作用。

Deepening security cooperation and fulfilling international obligations. China's armed forces are the initiator and facilitator of and participant in international security cooperation. They uphold the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, conduct all-round military exchanges with other countries, and develop cooperative military relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party. They promote the establishment of just and effective collective security mechanisms and military confidence-building mechanisms. Bearing in mind the concept of openness, pragmatism and cooperation, China's armed forces increase their interactions and cooperation with other armed forces, and intensify cooperation on confidence-building measures (CBMs) in border areas. China's armed forces work to promote dialogue and cooperation on maritime security; participate in UN peacekeeping missions, international counter-terrorism cooperation, international merchant shipping protection and disaster relief operations; conduct joint exercises and training with foreign counterparts; conscientiously assume their due international responsibilities; and play an active role in maintaining world peace, security and stability.

——严格依法行动，严守政策纪律。中国武装力量遵守宪法和法律，遵守《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，坚持依法用兵、依法行动。严格执行法律法规和政策规定，严守群众纪律，依法完成抢险救灾、维稳处突和安保警戒等任务。以《联合国宪章》和公认的国际关系准则为依据，坚持在双边多边条约的法律构架内行动，确保涉外军事行动的合法性。制定和完善法律法规和政策制度，严格按照条令条例管理部队，为武装力量多样化运用提供法律保障。

Acting in accordance with laws, policies and disciplines. China's armed forces observe the country's Constitution and other relevant laws, comply with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and maintain their commitment to employing troops and taking actions according to law. They strictly abide by laws, regulations and policies, as well as discipline regarding civil-military relations. According to law, they accomplish such tasks as emergency rescue, disaster relief, stability maintenance, contingency response and security provision. On the basis of the UN Charter and other universally recognized norms of international relations, they consistently operate within the legal framework formed by bilateral or multi-lateral treaties and agreements, so as to ensure the legitimacy of their operations involving foreign countries or militaries. The diversified employment of China's armed forces is legally guaranteed by formulating and revising relevant laws, regulations and policies, and the armed forces are administered strictly by rules and regulations.

二、武装力量建设与发展

II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces

中国武装力量由人民解放军、人民武装警察部队、民兵组成，在国家安全和发展战略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩负着维护国家主权、安全、发展利益的光荣使命和神圣职责。

China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.

近年来，人民解放军按照履行使命任务和信息化建设发展要求，积极稳妥推进军队改革。强化军委总部战略管理功能，组建人民解放军战略规划部，将总参通信部改编为信息化部，将总参军训和兵种部改编为军训部；推进新型作战力量建设，调整优化各军兵种规模结构，改革部队编组模式，推动作战力量编成向精干、联合、多能、高效方向发展；完善新型军队人才培养体系，深化军事人力资源和后勤政策制度调整改革，加强高新技术武器装备建设，努力构建中国特色现代军事力量体系。

Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.

陆军主要担负陆地作战任务，包括机动作战部队、边海防部队、警卫警备部队等。按照机动作战、立体攻防的战略要求，陆军积极推进由区域防卫型向全域机动型转变，加快发展陆军航空兵、轻型机械化部队和特种作战部队，加强数字化部队建设，逐步实现部队编成的小型化、模块化、多能化，提高空地一体、远程机动、快速突击和特种作战能力。陆军机动作战部队包括１８个集团军和部分独立合成作战师（旅），现有８５万人。集团军由师、旅编成，分别隶属于７个军区。沈阳军区下辖第１６、３９、４０集团军，北京军区下辖第２７、３８、６５集团军，兰州军区下辖第２１、４７集团军，济南军区下辖第２０、２６、５４集团军，南京军区下辖第１、１２、３１集团军，广州军区下辖第４１、４２集团军，成都军区下辖第１３、１４集团军。

The PLA Army (PLAA) is composed of mobile operational units, border and coastal defense units, guard and garrison units, and is primarily responsible for military operations on land. In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA has been reoriented from theater defense to trans-theater mobility. It is accelerating the development of army aviation troops, light mechanized units and special operations forces, and enhancing building of digitalized units, gradually making its units small, modular and multi-functional in organization so as to enhance their capabilities for air-ground integrated operations, long-distance maneuvers, rapid assaults and special operations. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades), and have a total strength of 850,000. The combined corps, composed of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands (MACs): Shenyang (16th, 39th and 40th Combined Corps), Beijing (27th, 38th and 65th Combined Corps), Lanzhou (21st and 47th Combined Corps), Jinan (20th, 26th and 54th Combined Corps), Nanjing (1st, 12th and 31st Combined Corps), Guangzhou (41st and 42nd Combined Corps) and Chengdu (13th and 14th Combined Corps).

海军是海上作战行动的主体力量，担负着保卫国家海上方向安全、领海主权和维护海洋权益的任务，主要由潜艇部队、水面舰艇部队、航空兵、陆战队、岸防部队等兵种组成。按照近海防御的战略要求，海军注重提高近海综合作战力量现代化水平，发展先进潜艇、驱逐舰、护卫舰等装备，完善综合电子信息系统装备体系，提高远海机动作战、远海合作与应对非传统安全威胁能力，增强战略威慑与反击能力。海军现有２３．５万人，下辖北海、东海和南海３个舰队，舰队下辖舰队航空兵、基地、支队、水警区、航空兵师和陆战旅等部队。２０１２年９月，第一艘航空母舰“辽宁舰”交接入列。中国发展航空母舰，对于建设强大海军和维护海上安全具有深远意义。

The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2017, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.

空军是空中作战行动的主体力量，担负着保卫国家领空安全、保持全国空防稳定的任务，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷达兵、空降兵、电子对抗等兵种组成。按照攻防兼备的战略要求，空军加强以侦察预警、空中进攻、防空反导、战略投送为重点的作战力量体系建设，发展新一代作战飞机、新型地空导弹和新型雷达等先进武器装备，完善预警、指挥和通信网络，提高战略预警、威慑和远程空中打击能力。空军现有３９．８万人，下辖沈阳、北京、兰州、济南、南京、广州、成都７个军区空军和１个空降兵军。军区空军下辖基地、航空兵师（旅）、地空导弹师（旅）、雷达旅等。

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.

第二炮兵是中国战略威慑的核心力量，主要担负遏制他国对中国使用核武器、遂行核反击和常规导弹精确打击任务，由核导弹部队、常规导弹部队、作战保障部队等组成。按照精干有效的原则，第二炮兵加快推进信息化转型，依靠科技进步推动武器装备自主创新，利用成熟技术有重点、有选择改进现有装备，提高导弹武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼备的力量体系，增强快速反应、有效突防、精确打击、综合毁伤和生存防护能力，战略威慑与核反击、常规精确打击能力稳步提升。第二炮兵下辖导弹基地、训练基地、专业保障部队、院校和科研机构等，目前装备东风系列弹道导弹和长剑巡航导弹。

The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.

武警部队平时主要担负执勤、处置突发事件、反恐怖、参加和支援国家经济建设等任务，战时配合人民解放军进行防卫作战。武警部队依托国家信息基础设施，建立完善从总部至基层中队的三级综合信息网络系统，发展部队遂行任务急需的武器装备，开展针对性训练，提高执勤、处置突发事件、反恐怖能力。武警部队由内卫部队和警种部队组成，内卫部队包括省（自治区、直辖市）总队和机动师，警种部队包括黄金、森林、水电、交通部队，公安边防、消防、警卫部队列入武警序列。

In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.

民兵是不脱产的群众武装组织，是人民解放军的助手和后备力量。民兵担负参加社会主义现代化建设、执行战备勤务、参加防卫作战、协助维护社会秩序和参加抢险救灾等任务。民兵建设注重调整规模结构，改善武器装备，推进训练改革，提高以支援保障打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务能力。民兵组织分为基干民兵组织和普通民兵组织。基干民兵组织编有应急队伍，联合防空、情报侦察、通信保障、工程抢修、交通运输、装备维修等支援队伍，以及作战保障、后勤保障、装备保障等储备队伍。

The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.

三、捍卫国家主权、安全、领土完整

II. Defending National Sovereignty, Security and Territorial Integrity

中国武装力量的根本任务，是巩固国防、抵抗侵略、保卫祖国。中国武装力量的多样化运用，坚持以国家核心安全需求为导向，着眼维护和平、遏制危机和打赢战争，保卫边防、海防、空防安全，加强战备工作和实战化演习演练，随时应对和坚决制止一切危害国家主权、安全、领土完整的挑衅行为，坚决维护国家核心利益。

The fundamental tasks of China's armed forces are consolidating national defense, resisting foreign aggression and defending the motherland. Responding to China's core security needs, the diversified employment of the armed forces aims to maintain peace, contain crises and win wars; safeguard border, coastal and territorial air security; strengthen combat-readiness and warfighting-oriented exercises and drills; readily respond to and resolutely deter any provocative action which undermines China's sovereignty, security and territorial integrity; and firmly safeguard China's core national interests.

保卫边海防安全

Safeguarding Border and Coastal Security

中国有２．２万多公里陆地边界和１．８万多公里大陆海岸线，是世界上邻国最多、陆地边界最长的国家之一。中国有５００平方米以上的岛屿６５００多个，岛屿岸线１．４万多公里。中国武装力量对陆地边界和管辖海域实施防卫、管辖，维护边海防安全的任务复杂繁重。

With a borderline of more than 22,000 km and a coastline of more than 18,000 km, China is one of the countries with the most neighbors and the longest land borders. Among all China's islands, more than 6,500 are larger than 500 square meters each. China's island coastline is over 14,000 km long. China's armed forces defend and exercise jurisdiction over China's land borders and sea areas, and the task of safeguarding border and coastal security is arduous and complicated.

陆军边海防部队驻守在边境、沿海地区及海上岛屿，担负着守卫国（边）界、沿海海岸和岛屿，抵御防范外敌入侵、蚕食、挑衅，以及协助打击恐怖破坏、跨境犯罪等防卫与管理任务。边海防部队坚持以战备执勤为中心，强化边境沿海地区重要方向和敏感地段、水道、海域防卫警戒，严密防范各类入侵、蚕食和越境渗透破坏活动，及时制止违反边海防政策法规和改变国界线现状的行为，适时开展军地联合管控、应急处突等行动，有效维护边境沿海地区的安全稳定。中国已与周边７个国家签订边防合作协议，与１２个国家建立边防会谈会晤机制。人民解放军边防部队与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古、越南等国边防部门开展联合巡逻执勤、联合管控演练等友好合作活动。与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦等国每年组织相互视察活动，监督和核查边境地区信任措施落实情况。

The border and coastal defense forces of the PLAA are stationed in border and coastal areas, and on islands. They are responsible for defense and administrative tasks such as safeguarding the national borders, coastlines and islands, resisting and guarding against foreign invasions, encroachments and provocations, and assisting in cracking down on terrorist sabotage and cross-border crimes. The border and coastal defense forces focus on combat-readiness duties, strengthen the defense and surveillance of major directions and sensitive areas, watercourses and sea areas in border and coastal regions, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, prevent in a timely fashion any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, carry out civil-military joint control and management, and emergency response missions promptly, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders and coastal areas.

China has signed border cooperation agreements with seven neighboring countries, and established mechanisms with 12 countries for border defense talks and meetings. The border and coastal defense forces of the PLA promote friendly cooperation in joint patrols, guard duties and joint control-management drills with their counterparts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Vietnam, respectively. They also organize annual mutual inspections to supervise and verify the implementation of confidence-building measures in border areas with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.

海军加强海区的控制与管理，建立完善体系化巡逻机制，有效掌握周边海域情况，严密防范各类窜扰和渗透破坏活动，及时处置各种海空情况和突发事件。推进海上安全合作，维护海洋和平与稳定、海上航行自由与安全。在中美海上军事安全磋商机制框架下，定期开展海上信息交流，避免发生海上意外事件。根据中越签署的北部湾海域联合巡逻协议，两国海军从２００６年起每年组织两次联合巡逻。

The PLAN strengthens maritime control and management, systematically establishes patrol mechanisms, effectively enhances situational awareness in surrounding sea areas, tightly guards against various types of harassment, infiltration and sabotage activities, and copes promptly with maritime and air incidents and emergencies. It advances maritime security cooperation, and maintains maritime peace and stability, as well as free and safe navigation. Within the framework of the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA), the Chinese and US navies regularly exchange maritime information to avoid accidents at sea. According to the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf, the two navies have organized joint patrols twice a year since 2006.

公安边防部队是国家部署在边境沿海地区和开放口岸的武装执法力量，担负保卫国家主权、维护边境沿海地区和海上安全稳定、口岸出入境秩序等重要职责，遂行边境维稳、打击犯罪、应急救援、边防安保等多样化任务。公安边防部队在边境一线划定边防管理区，在沿海地区划定海防工作区，在毗邻香港、澳门陆地边境和沿海一线地区２０至５０米纵深划定边防警戒区，在国家开放口岸设立边防检查站，在沿海地区部署海警部队。近年来，对边境地区和口岸实行常态化严查严管严控，防范打击“三股势力”、敌对分子的分裂破坏和暴力恐怖活动。集中整治海上越界捕捞活动，强化海上治安巡逻执法，严厉打击海上违法犯罪活动。２０１１年以来，共破获各类案件４７４４５起，缴获各类毒品１２３５７千克，缴获非法枪支１２５１１５支，查获偷渡人员５６０７人次。

The border public security force is an armed law-enforcement body deployed by the state in border and coastal areas, and at ports. It assumes important responsibilities of safeguarding national sovereignty, and maintaining security and stability in border, coastal and sea areas, as well as entry and exit order at ports. It carries out diversified tasks of maintaining stability, combating crimes, conducting emergency rescues and providing security in border areas. The border public security force establishes border control zones along the borderlines, establishes maritime defense zones in the coastal areas, establishes border surveillance areas 20 to 50 meters in depth along land border and coastline areas adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, sets up border inspection stations at open ports, and deploys a marine police force in coastal areas. In recent years, regular strict inspections, management and control in border areas and at ports have been carried out to guard against and subdue separatist, sabotage, violent and terrorist activities by the "three forces" or hostile individuals. The border public security force takes strict and coordinated measures against cross-border fishing activities, strengthens law enforcement by maritime security patrols, and clamps down on maritime offenses and crimes. Since 2011, it has handled 47,445 cases, seized 12,357 kg of drugs, confiscated 125,115 illegal guns, and tracked down 5,607 illegal border-crossers.

民兵积极参加战备执勤、边海防地区军警民联防、哨所执勤和护边控边等行动，常年在边海防线上巡逻执勤。

The militia takes an active part in combat readiness duties, joint military-police-civilian defense efforts, post duties, and border protection and control tasks in the border and coastal areas. Militia members patrol along the borders and coastlines all year round.

保卫空防安全

Safeguarding Territorial Air Security

空军是保卫国家空防安全的主体力量，陆军、海军和武警部队按照中央军委的指示担负部分空防任务。平时，国家防空实行空军—军区空军—防空部队指挥体制，空军根据中央军委意图对担负防空任务的各种防空力量实施统一指挥。中国空防体系由侦察监视、指挥控制、空中防御、地面防空、综合保障和人民防空六大系统组成。中国已建成集侦察预警、抗击、反击和防护于一体的空防力量体系，具有以各种对空探测雷达和预警机为主体，以技术侦察、电子对抗侦察为补充的空情获取手段；以歼击机、歼击轰炸机、地空导弹、高炮部队为主体，以陆军防空兵、民兵预备役防空力量和人民防空力量为补充的抗击手段；以各种防护工程和防护力量为主体，以专业技术防护力量为补充的综合防护手段。

The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the PLAA, PLAN and PAPF all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. In peacetime, the chain of command of China's air defense runs from the PLAAF headquarters through the air commands of the military area commands to air defense units. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC's intent. China's air defense system is composed of six sub-systems of reconnaissance and surveillance, command and control, aerial defense, ground air defense, integrated support and civil air defense. China has established an air defense force system that integrates reconnaissance and early warning, resistance, counterattack and protection. For air situation awareness means, air detection radars and early warning aircraft are the mainstay, supplemented by technical and ECM reconnaissance. For resistance means, fighters, fighter-bombers, ground-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery troops are the mainstay, supplemented by the strengths from the PLAA air defense force, militia and reserves, as well as civil air defense. For integrated protection means, various protection works and strengths are the mainstay, supplemented by specialized technical protection forces.

空军日常防空基本活动，主要是组织侦察预警力量，监视国家领空及周边地区空中动态，随时掌握各种空中安全威胁；组织各级指挥机构，保持以首都为核心、以边境沿海一线为重点的常态化战备值班，随时指挥各种空防力量行动；组织日常防空战斗值班兵力，进行海上空域警巡、边境反侦察和境内查证处置异常不明空情；组织航空管制系统，监控飞行活动，维护空中秩序，保障飞行安全。

The PLAAF organizes the following routine air defense tasks: reconnaissance and early warning units are tasked with monitoring air situations in China's territorial air space and surrounding areas and keeping abreast of air security threats. Command organs at all levels are tasked with assuming routine combat readiness duties with the capital as the core, and border and coastal areas as the key, and commanding air defense operations at all times. Routine air defense troops on combat duty are tasked with carrying out air vigilance and patrols at sea, conducting counter-reconnaissance in border areas and verifying abnormal and unidentified air situations within the territory. The air control system is tasked with monitoring, controlling and maintaining air traffic order so as to ensure flight safety.

保持常备不懈的战备状态

Maintaining Constant Combat Readiness

战备工作是军队为执行作战和非战争军事行动任务而进行的准备和戒备活动，是军队全局性、综合性、经常性的工作。提高战备水平，保持常备不懈的战备状态，是有效应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的重要保证。人民解放军建立正规的战备秩序，加强战备基础性建设，搞好针对性战备演练，周密组织战备值班和边海空防巡逻执勤，随时准备执行作战和非战争军事行动任务。部队根据执行任务需要进入等级战备，战备等级按照戒备程度由低级到高级分为三级战备、二级战备、一级战备。

Combat readiness refers to the preparations and alert activities of the armed forces for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW, and it is the general, comprehensive and regular work of the armed forces. It is an important guarantee for coping with various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks to enhance the capabilities of combat readiness and maintain constant combat readiness. The PLA has a regular system of combat readiness. It improves infrastructure for combat readiness, carries out scenario-oriented drills, and earnestly organizes alert duties, border, coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. It keeps itself prepared for undertaking operational tasks and MOOTW at all times. Based on different tasks, the troops assume different levels of readiness (Level III, Level II and Level I, from the lowest degree of alertness to the highest).

陆军部队的日常战备，以维护边境正常秩序和巩固国家建设成果为重点，依托作战指挥机构和指挥信息系统，加强战备值班要素整合，探索战区联合值班模式，推进团以上作战部队战备值班系统综合整治，以常态化运行的体制机制保证战备工作落实，形成各战略方向衔接、多兵种联合、作战保障配套的战备力量体系布局，始终保持迅即能动和有效应对的良好状态。海军部队的日常战备，以维护国家领土主权和海洋权益为重点，按照高效用兵、体系巡逻、全域监控的原则，组织和实施常态化战备巡逻，在相关海域保持军事存在。各舰队常年保持必要数量舰艇在辖区内巡逻，加强航空兵侦察巡逻，并根据需要组织机动兵力在相关海域巡逻警戒。空军部队的日常战备，以国土防空为重点，坚持平战一体、全域反应、全疆到达的原则，保持灵敏高效的战备状态。组织常态化空中警戒巡逻，及时查证异常不明空情。空军指挥警戒值班系统以空军指挥所为核心，部队指挥所为基础，以航空兵、地面防空兵等战斗值班兵力为支撑。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

第二炮兵平时保持适度戒备状态，按照平战结合、常备不懈、随时能战的原则，加强战备配套建设，构建要素集成、功能完备、灵敏高效的作战值班体系，确保部队应急反应迅速，有效应对战争威胁和突发事件。在国家受到核威胁时，核导弹部队根据中央军委命令，提升戒备状态，做好核反击准备，慑止敌人对中国使用核武器；在国家遭受核袭击时，使用导弹核武器，独立或联合其他军种核力量，对敌实施坚决反击。常规导弹部队能够快速完成平战转换，遂行常规中远程精确打击任务。

The routine combat readiness work of the PLAA serves to maintain normal order in border areas and protect national development achievements. Relying on the operational command organs and command information system, it strengthens the integration of combat readiness duty elements, explores joint duty probability within a theater, and optimizes the combat readiness duty system in operational troops at and above the regiment level. It ensures the implementation of combat readiness work through institutionalized systems and mechanisms. It creates a combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined arms and systematized operational support. Thus, the PLAA keeps sound combat readiness with agile maneuvers and effective response. The routine combat readiness work of the PLAN serves to safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests. It carries out diversified patrols and provides whole-area surveillance in a cost-effective way. The PLAN organizes and performs regular combat readiness patrols, and maintains a military presence in relevant sea areas. All fleets maintain the necessary number of ships patrolling in areas under their respective command, beef up naval aviation reconnaissance patrols, and organize mobile forces to conduct patrols and surveillance in relevant sea areas, as required. The PLAAF focuses its daily combat readiness on territorial air defense. It follows the principles of applicability in both peacetime and wartime, all-dimension response and full territorial reach, and maintains a vigilant and efficient combat readiness. It organizes air alert patrols on a regular basis to verify abnormal and unidentified air situations promptly. The PLAAF command alert system takes PLAAF command posts as the core, field command posts as the basis, and aviation and ground air defense forces on combat duty as the pillar.

开展实战化演习演练

Carrying out Scenario-based Exercises and Drills

人民解放军坚持把开展实战化演习演练作为推进军事训练转变、提高部队实战能力的重要抓手，注重将信息主导、体系对抗、精确作战、融合集成、联合制胜等信息化条件下作战理念广泛融入训练实践，按实战要求、战时编组和作战流程组织演练，突出指挥对抗训练、实兵自主对抗训练和复杂战场环境下训练，全面提高部队基于信息系统的体系作战能力。

The PLA takes scenario-based exercises and drills as the basic means to accelerate the transition in military training and raise combat capabilities. It widely practices in training such operational concepts in conditions of informationization as information dominance, confrontation between different systems, precision strike, fusion, integration and jointness. It organizes training based on real combat needs, formations and procedures. It pays special attention to confrontational command training, live independent force-on-force training and training in complex battlefield environments. Thus, the warfighting capabilities based on information systems have been thoroughly improved.

开展跨区训练。为提高部队快速反应能力和在陌生环境、复杂条件下联合作战能力，依托合同战术训练基地，组织任务相近、类型相同和未来作战环境相似的师旅部队，以实兵检验性演习的方式开展一系列跨区机动演习演练。２００９年，组织沈阳、兰州、济南和广州军区各１个师进行远程机动和对抗性演练。２０１０年开始，组织“使命行动”系列战役层次跨区机动演习演练。其中，２０１０年组织北京、兰州、成都军区各１个集团军首长机关带１个师（旅）以及空军部分兵力参演，２０１１年组织成都、济南军区带有关部队赴高原地区演练，２０１２年组织成都、济南、兰州军区和空军有关部队赴西南地区演练。

Carrying out trans-MAC training. To develop rapid-response and joint-operation capabilities in unfamiliar environments and complex conditions, the divisions and brigades of the same specialty with similar tasks and tailored operational environments are organized to carry out a series of trans-MAC live verification-oriented exercises and drills in the combined tactical training bases. In 2009, the Shenyang, Lanzhou, Jinan and Guangzhou MACs each sent one division to join long-distance maneuvers and confrontational drills. Since 2010, a series of campaign-level exercises and drills code-named "Mission Action" for trans-MAC maneuvers have been carried out. Specifically, in 2010 the Beijing, Lanzhou and Chengdu MACs each sent one division (brigade) led by corps headquarters, together with some PLAAF units, to participate in the exercise. In 2011, relevant troops from the Chengdu and Jinan MACs were organized and carried out the exercise in plateau areas. In 2017, the Chengdu, Jinan and Lanzhou MACs and relevant PLAAF troops were organized and carried out the exercise in southwestern China.

突出对抗训练。各军兵种强化对抗性检验性演习演练，组织实兵对抗、网上对抗和计算机模拟对抗等演习，增强训练的针对性、实效性。空军依托训练基地构设复杂战场环境，组织军区空军之间、军区空军与合成“蓝军”部队之间，开展信息化条件下“红蓝”体系对抗演习。第二炮兵开展复杂战场环境下侦察与反侦察、干扰与防干扰、精确打击与防护反击的对抗性训练，加强核生化武器威胁条件下安全防护和操作技能训练，每年安排多种型号导弹部队执行实弹发射任务。

Highlighting force-on-force training. The various services and arms are intensifying confrontational and verification-oriented exercises and drills. Based on different scenarios, they organize live force-on-force exercises, online confrontational exercises and computer-simulation confrontational exercises. The PLAAF creates complex battlefield environments based on its training bases, organizes confrontational exercises on "Red-Blue" war systems under informationized conditions, either between MAC air forces or between a combined "Blue Team" and MAC air force ("Red Team"). The Second Artillery Forces carry out confrontational training of reconnaissance vs. counter-reconnaissance, jamming vs. counter-jamming, and precision strikes vs. protection and counterattack, in complex battlefield environments. They are strengthening safety protection and operational skills training under nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats. Units of different missile types are organized to conduct live-firing launching tasks annually.

拓展远海训练。海军探索远海作战任务编组训练模式，组织由新型驱护舰、远洋综合补给舰和舰载直升机混合编成的远海作战编队编组训练，深化复杂战场环境下使命课题研练，突出远程预警及综合控制、远海拦截、远程奔袭、大洋反潜、远洋护航等重点内容训练。通过远海训练组织带动沿海有关部队进行防空、反潜、反水雷、反恐怖、反海盗、近岸防卫、岛礁破袭等对抗性实兵训练。２００７年以来，在西太平洋共组织远海训练近２０批９０多艘次。训练中采取有效措施应对某些国家军用舰机的抵近侦察和非法干扰活动。２０１２年４月至９月，“郑和”号训练舰进行环球航行训练，先后访问及停靠１４个国家和地区。

Intensifying blue water training. The PLAN is improving the training mode of task force formation in blue water. It organizes the training of different formations of combined task forces composed of new types of destroyers, frigates, ocean-going replenishment ships and shipborne helicopters. It is increasing its research and training on tasks in complex battlefield environments, highlighting the training of remote early warning, comprehensive control, open sea interception, long-range raid, anti-submarine warfare and vessel protection at distant sea. The PLAN organizes relevant coastal forces to carry out live force-on-force training for air defense, anti-submarine, anti-mine, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, coastal defense, and island and reef sabotage raids. Since 2007, the PLAN has conducted training in the distant sea waters of the Western Pacific involving over 90 ships in nearly 20 batches. During the training, the PLAN took effective measures to respond to foreign close-in reconnaissance and illegal interference activities by military ships and aircraft. From April to September 2017, the training vessel Zhenghe completed global-voyage training, paying port calls to 14 countries and regions.

四、保障国家经济社会发展

IV. Supporting National Economic and Social Development

保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，全心全意为人民服务，是宪法和法律赋予中国武装力量的重要任务。中国武装力量服从服务于国家改革发展大局，积极参加国家建设和抢险救灾，依法维护社会和谐稳定，努力保障国家发展利益。

The Constitution and relevant laws entrust China's armed forces with the important tasks of safeguarding the peaceful labor of the Chinese people, taking part in national development and serving the people wholeheartedly. Subordinate to and serving the overall situation of national reform and development, the armed forces of China actively participate in national development, emergency rescue and disaster relief, maintain social harmony and stability according to law, and endeavor to protect national development interests.

参加国家建设

Participating in National Development

军队和武警部队在完成教育训练、战备执勤、科研试验等任务的前提下，围绕国家和地方经济社会发展规划部署，坚持把地方所需、群众所盼和部队所能结合起来，充分利用人才、装备、技术、基础设施等方面的资源和优势，积极支援地方基础设施重点工程、生态环境建设和社会主义新农村建设，扎实做好扶贫帮困、助学兴教、医疗扶持等工作，为促进地方经济发展、社会和谐、民生改善作出重要贡献。

Under the precondition of accomplishing such tasks as education, training, combat readiness duties, and scientific research and experiments, the PLA and PAPF center their efforts on national and local plans and arrangements for economic and social development; persist in combining PLA and PAPF capabilities with local governments' needs and local people's expectations; make full use of their resources and advantages in personnel, equipment, technology and infrastructure; actively support local key infrastructure projects, ecological environment conservation and new socialist rural area development; and take solid steps to support poverty-alleviation initiatives, give financial aid to education and provide medical service support. They thereby make significant contributions to promoting local economic development, social harmony and the improvement of people's livelihood.

援建基础设施重点工程。发挥水电、交通、工程、测绘等专业部队的优势，支援国家和各地交通、水利、能源、通信等关系国计民生的基础设施建设。２０１１年以来，共投入劳动日１５００多万个，动用机械车辆１２０多万台次，援建机场、公路、铁路、水利枢纽等省以上重点工程３５０多项。武警水电部队先后参加云南糯扎渡、四川锦屏、西藏旁多等水利水电和铁路、天然气管道工程建设１１５项。武警交通部队承建新疆天山公路、甘肃洛塘河特大双层桥梁、西藏墨脱公路嘎隆拉隧道等１７２个项目，建设里程３２５０公里。

Supporting key infrastructure projects. China's armed forces bring into full play the advantages of hydroelectric, transportation, engineering and cartographic units, and support national and local infrastructure construction related to national economy and people's livelihood in such areas as transportation, water conservancy, energy and communications. Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed more than 15 million work days and over 1.2 million motor vehicles and machines, and have been involved in more than 350 major province-level (and above) projects of building airports, highways, railways and water conservancy facilities. The PAPF hydroelectric units have partaken in the construction of 115 projects concerning water conservancy, hydropower, railways and gas pipelines in Nuozhadu (Yunnan), Jinping (Sichuan) and Pangduo (Tibet). In addition, PAPF transportation units have undertaken the construction of 172 projects, including highways in the Tianshan Mountains in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the double-deck viaduct bridge over the Luotang River in Gansu Province and the Galungla Tunnel along the Medog Highway in the Tibet Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,250 km.

参加生态建设和环境保护。成建制组织部队和民兵预备役人员参加荒山绿化、防沙治沙、湿地生态保护等工作，支援京津风沙源治理、环塔克拉玛干沙漠绿化、长江黄河中上游生态保护、西藏“一江两河”治理等国家重点生态区和生态工程建设。两年来，共植树１４００多万株，成片造林、飞播造林和绿化荒山荒滩３００多万亩。测绘、气象、给水等技术部队还为地方提供大地勘测、气象水文预报、水源探测等服务。

Promoting ecological progress and protecting the environment. The PLA, militia and reserve organic troops are organized to help afforest barren hills, control desertification and preserve wetlands. Specifically, they have supported the construction of key national reserves and ecological engineering projects such as controlling the sources of sandstorms affecting Beijing and Tianjin, afforesting the periphery of the Taklimakan Desert, protecting the ecological environment of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtse and Yellow rivers, and harnessing the Yarlung Zangbo, Lhasa and Nyangqu rivers in Tibet. Over the past two years, the PLA and PAPF have planted over 14 million trees, and afforested above three million mu of barren hills and beaches by large-scale planting and aerial seeding. Besides, technical units specializing in cartography, meteorology, and water supply provide such services as cartographic surveying, weather and hydrological forecasting, and water source exploration for local people.

扶贫帮困和支援新农村建设。各部队先后与６３个贫困县、５４７个贫困乡镇建立帮扶关系，共建立扶贫联系点２．６万个，支援农田水利、乡村道路、小流域治理等小型工程建设２万多个，扶持发展优势特色产业１０００多项，帮助４０多万贫困群众脱贫致富。北京军区给水工程团先后在云南、广西、山东、河北、内蒙古、贵州等地支援地方找水打井，共打井３５８眼，解决了９６万人生活用水及８．５万亩农田灌溉用水问题。兰州军区给水工程团实施“百井支农富民”工程，在宁夏中南部干旱带找水打井１９２眼，缓解了３９万人、５７万头牲畜饮水和３．７万亩农田灌溉用水问题。

Contributing to poverty-alleviation initiatives and helping build new rural areas. The PLA and PAPF have paired up with 63 poverty-stricken counties and 547 poverty-stricken towns and townships; set up 26,000 places of contact for poverty reduction; supported over 20,000 small projects such as constructing irrigation and water-conservancy facilities, building rural roads, and improving small river valley areas; aided the development of more than 1,000 industries; and helped over 400,000 needy people shake off poverty. The Beijing Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has helped local governments to search for water and dig wells in Yunnan, Shandong, Hebei and Guizhou provinces, as well as the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and dug 358 wells, solving the domestic water shortage for 960,000 people and the problem of irrigation for 85,000 mu of farmland.

Implementing the project of "digging wells to enrich farmers," the Lanzhou Military Area Command's water-supply engineering regiment has explored water sources and dug 192 wells in the arid zone in the middle and southern parts of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and alleviated drinking water shortages for 390,000 people and 570,000 head of livestock and the problem of irrigation for 37,000 mu of farmland.

支持科技教育文化卫生事业。２０１１─２０１２年，军队院校、科研单位和专业技术部队共承担国家重大专项、科技支撑计划等课题研究２００多项，参与科技攻关２２０项，转让科技成果１８０项。军队和武警部队１０８所医院对口支援西部贫困地区县级医院１３０所，军以下医疗卫生单位对口帮扶乡镇卫生院（所）１２８３个。２００９—２０１２年，在新疆、西藏等西部少数民族地区集中援建“八一爱民学校”５７所，解决了３万多名学生入学问题。

Supporting scientific and technological, educational, cultural and health undertakings.

From 2011 to 2017, military academies, research institutions and specialized technical units undertook more than 200 research subjects, including national major projects and key technology R&D programs; participated in 220 projects tackling key scientific and technological problems; and transferred 180 technologies.

A total of 108 PLA and PAPF hospitals have paired up with 130 county-level hospitals in poverty-stricken areas in the western parts of the country, while medical and health units below the corps level have paired up with 1,283 clinics and health centers in towns and townships.

From 2009 to 2017, the armed forces financed and built 57 "August 1" schools, particularly in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in the western parts of the country, such as Xinjiang and Tibet, providing schooling for over 30,000 children.

参加抢险救灾

Participating in Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief

中国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一，灾害种类多，分布地域广，发生频率高，给国家经济建设和人民群众生命财产安全带来严重危害。中国武装力量始终是抢险救灾的突击力量，承担最紧急、最艰难、最危险的救援任务。依据２００５年颁布的《军队参加抢险救灾条例》，军队和武警部队主要担负解救、转移或者疏散受困人员，保护重要目标安全，抢救、运送重要物资，参加道路（桥梁、隧道）抢修、海上搜救、核生化救援、疫情控制、医疗救护等专业抢险，排除或者控制其他危重险情、灾情，协助地方人民政府开展灾后重建工作等任务。

China is one of the countries most vulnerable to natural disasters. With more varieties, wide distribution and high frequency, natural disasters endanger China's economic and social development as well as the lives and property of many Chinese people.

The armed forces of China have always acted as the shock force in emergency rescue and disaster relief, and always undertaken the most urgent, arduous and hazardous rescue tasks.

According to the Regulations on the PLA's Participation in Disaster Rescue promulgated in 2005, the PLA and PAPF are mainly tasked with rescuing and evacuating the trapped; ensuring the security of important facilities and areas; salvaging and transporting important materials; participating in specialized operations such as rush repairs of roads, bridges and tunnels, maritime search and rescue, NBC rescue, epidemic control, and medical aid; eliminating or controlling other major dangers and disasters; and assisting local governments in post-disaster reconstruction.

军队和武警部队与各级人民政府建立完善应对自然灾害军地协调联动机制，建成战略级移动应急指挥平台，在重点地区预储预置抢险救灾急需物资器材，编制修订团以上部队抢险救灾应急预案，组织军地抢险救灾联训联演，全面提高抢险救灾能力。目前，已组建抗洪抢险应急部队、地震灾害紧急救援队、核生化应急救援队、空中紧急运输服务队、交通电力应急抢险队、海上应急搜救队、应急机动通信保障队、医疗防疫救援队、气象保障应急专业队等９类５万人的国家级应急专业力量。各军区会同有关省（自治区、直辖市），依托现役和预备役部队组建４．５万人的省级应急专业力量。

The PLA, PAPF and people's governments at various levels have established military-civilian joint response mechanisms for natural disasters, set up a mobile command platform for emergency response at the strategic level, pre-stored and pre-positioned in key areas materials and equipment urgently needed for emergency rescue and disaster relief, worked out relevant scenarios for units at and above the regiment level, and organized joint military-civilian exercises and training, thereby enhancing their capabilities for emergency rescue and disaster relief in all respects.

So far, China has formed nine state-level professional teams, with a total membership of 50,000.

They are emergency-response teams for flood relief, earthquake rescue, NBC defense, emergency airlift, rush repair of transportation and power facilities, maritime search and rescue, mobile communications support, medical aid and epidemic prevention, and meteorological support. In collaboration with relevant provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government) and based on active and reserve forces, all MACs have joined to set up professional emergency-rescue units at the provincial level, totaling 45,000 members.

中国武装力量在历次重大抢险救灾中，都发挥了生力军和突击队作用。２００８年，出动１２６万名官兵和民兵预备役人员抗击南方严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害，２２．１万人参加四川汶川特大地震抗震救灾。２０１０年，投入２．１万人参加青海玉树强烈地震抗震救灾，１．２万人参加甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害抢险救援。２０１１年以来，军队和武警部队共出动兵力３７万人，各型车辆（机械）１９．７万台次、飞机和直升机２２５架次，组织民兵预备役人员８７万人，参加抗洪、抗震、抗旱、防凌、防台风和灭火等抢险救灾行动，抢救转移群众２４５万人，抢运物资１６万吨。陆军航空兵直升机每年出动数百架次担负森林和草原防火、救火任务，并实现常态化。

In all major emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations, China's armed forces have always played a vital role.

In 2008, some 1.26 million officers and men as well as militia members were sent to counter the disaster of freezing weather, sleet and snowstorms in southern China, and 221,000 to participate in rescue after the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province. In 2010, some 21,000 and 12,000 armed forces members were dispatched respectively to take part in rescue after the Yushu (Qinghai Province) earthquake and the Zhouqu (Gansu Province) mud-rock slide.

Since 2011, the PLA and PAPF have contributed a total of 370,000 servicepersons and 197,000 vehicles or other machines of various types, flown over 225 sorties (using fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters), organized 870,000 militiamen and reservists, participated in emergency-rescue and disaster-relief operations in cases of floods, earthquakes, droughts, ice jams, typhoons and fires, rescued or evacuated more than 2.45 million people, and rushed 160,000 tons of goods to disaster areas.

Every year, the army aviation flies hundreds of sorties to prevent and fight forest and grassland fires on a regular basis.

维护社会稳定

Maintaining Social Stability

中国武装力量依照法律法规参加维护社会秩序行动，防范和打击恐怖活动。武警部队是国家处置公共突发事件、维护社会稳定的骨干和突击力量。２００９年８月颁布实施的《中华人民共和国人民武装警察法》，明确了武警部队执行安全保卫任务的范围、措施和保障办法。武警部队构建以机动兵力为主体、以执勤部队抽组兵力为补充、以警种部队和院校兵力为支援的处突维稳力量体系，完善以国家级反恐队、省级特勤中队、市级特勤排、县级应急班为主体的四级反恐力量体系。扎实做好重大活动安保工作，严格执行现场警卫、人员安检、重要目标守卫、要道设卡和城市武装巡逻等任务。２０１１─２０１２年，有效应对和处置各类突发事件，配合公安机关成功处置多起暴力恐怖袭击事件，参与处置劫持人质等严重暴力事件６８起，解救人质６２人。先后完成第２６届世界大学生夏季运动会、中国—亚欧博览会、上海合作组织北京峰会等重大活动安保任务，累计用兵１６０多万人次。

In accordance with relevant laws and regulations, the armed forces of China participate in social order maintenance, and guard and fight against terrorist activities.

The PAPF is the state's backbone and shock force in handling public emergencies and maintaining social stability.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Armed Police Force, promulgated in August 2009, specifies the scope, measures and support of PAPF security missions.

With mobile PAPF troops as the mainstay, supplemented by forces pooled from routine duty units, and supported by various police forces and PAPF academies, the PAPF has established a force structure for stability maintenance and emergency response.

In addition, a counter-terrorism force structure has been set up, which consists of a counter-terrorism contingent, special-duty squadrons, special-duty platoons and emergency-response squads at state, province, municipality and county levels, respectively. Solid steps have been taken to implement strict security measures for major events, including guard duties, security checks, security of important facilities and areas, checkpoints on major roads, and armed urban patrols. From 2011 to 2017, the PAPF effectively responded to and handled various emergencies, coordinated with public security organs to successfully handle some violent and terrorist attacks, and participated in handling 68 incidents of serious violence, and rescuing 62 hostages.

Altogether contributing more than 1.6 million persons, the PAPF has provided security for such important events as the 26th Summer Universiade (Shenzhen, 2011), China-Eurasia Expo (Urumqi, 2011) and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Beijing Summit (2017).

人民解放军派出相关力量协助公安、武警部队完成重大活动安保任务。陆军主要承担防范恐怖活动、核化生爆检测、医疗救援等任务，海军主要承担排除水域安全隐患、防范来自海上恐怖袭击等任务，空军主要承担保卫重大活动举办地和周边地区空中安全等任务。近年来，人民解放军先后参加北京奥运会、国庆６０周年庆典、上海世博会、广州亚运会等重大活动的安保行动，共出动兵力１４．５万人，动用飞机和直升机３６５架、舰船１４８艘、雷达５５４部。

The PLA also assists public security and PAPF forces in providing security for major events. The PLAA is mainly tasked with counter-terrorism, NBC and explosive item checks, and medical aid.

The PLAN is mainly responsible for guarding against potential maritime threats and terrorist attacks. The PLAAF is mainly charged with providing air security for major event venues and their adjacent areas. In recent years, contributing 145,000 servicepersons, 365 fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, 148 ships and 554 sets of radar equipment, the PLA provided security for the Beijing Olympics, celebrations of the PRC's 60th founding anniversary, Shanghai World Expo and Guangzhou Asian Games.

民兵是维护社会稳定的一支重要力量，按照法律规定协助维护社会秩序，在地方党委、政府的统一部署和军事机关的指挥下，参加治安联防、社会管理综合治理、重大活动安保等行动。每年有９万多人执行守护桥梁、隧道和铁路线等任务。

The militia is an important force for maintaining social stability. It assists in the maintenance of social order in accordance with laws and regulations.

Under the unified arrangements of local CPC committees and governments as well as the guidance of corresponding military organs, the militia participates in joint defense of public security, integrated social management, and security provision for major events. Each year, more than 90,000 militiamen carry out the task of guarding bridges, tunnels and railways.

驻香港、澳门部队是中央人民政府派驻香港、澳门特别行政区的部队，依法履行防务职责。香港、澳门驻军法规定，特区政府在必要时可以向中央人民政府请求驻军协助维持社会治安和救助灾害。驻香港、澳门部队适时组织联合海空巡逻和年度演习演练活动，参与特区政府组织的海上空难搜救联合演习，圆满完成北京奥运会香港赛区及香港、澳门回归庆典活动安保任务。

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops are dispatched by the central government to the two special administrative regions (SARs) to perform defense duties according to law.

As stipulated by the garrison laws, the governments of Hong Kong and Macao SARs may, if necessary, request the central government for the assistance of the garrison troops in maintaining social order and providing disaster relief.

Hong Kong and Macao garrison troops organize joint air-sea patrols, conduct annual exercises and drills, and participate in joint exercises held by the SAR governments for air-sea search and rescue operations.

They succeeded in providing security for the Hong Kong venue of the Beijing Olympics (2008) and anniversary celebrations of the SARs' returning to the motherland.

维护海洋权益

V. Safeguarding Maritime Rights and Interests

中国是陆海兼备的大国，海洋是中国实现可持续发展的重要空间和资源保障，关系人民福祉，关乎国家未来。开发、利用和保护海洋，建设海洋强国，是国家重要发展战略。坚决维护国家海洋权益，是人民解放军的重要职责。

China is a major maritime as well as land country. The seas and oceans provide immense space and abundant resources for China's sustainable development, and thus are of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.

It is an essential national development strategy to exploit, utilize and protect the seas and oceans, and build China into a maritime power. It is an important duty for the PLA to resolutely safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.

海军结合日常战备为国家海上执法、渔业生产和油气开发等活动提供安全保障，分别与海监、渔政等执法部门建立协调配合机制，建立完善军警民联防机制。协同地方有关部门开展海洋测绘与科学调查，建设海洋气象监测、卫星导航、无线电导航及助航标志系统，及时发布气象和船舶航行等相关信息，建立和完善管辖海域内的航行安全保障体系。

In combination with its routine combat readiness activities, the PLAN provides security support for China's maritime law enforcement, fisheries, and oil and gas exploitation. It has established mechanisms to coordinate and cooperate with law-enforcement organs of marine surveillance and fishery administration, as well as a joint military-police-civilian defense mechanism.

Further, the PLAN has worked in coordination with relevant local departments to conduct maritime survey and scientific investigation; build systems of maritime meteorological observation, satellite navigation, radio navigation and navigation aids; release timely weather and sea traffic information; and ensure the safe flow of traffic in sea areas of responsibility.

海军与海监、渔政部门多次举行海上联合维权执法演习演练，不断提高军地海上联合维权斗争指挥协同和应急处置能力。２０１２年１０月，在东海海域举行“东海协作—２０１２”海上联合维权演习，共有１１艘舰船、８架飞机参演。

Together with the marine surveillance and fishery administration departments, the PLAN has conducted joint maritime exercises and drills for protecting rights and enforcing laws, and enhanced its capabilities to coordinate command and respond to emergencies in joint military-civilian operations to safeguard maritime rights.

The "Donghai Collaboration-2017" joint exercise was held in the East China Sea in October 2017, involving 11 ships and eight planes.

公安边防部队作为海上重要武装执法力量，对发生在我国内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架违反公安行政管理法律、法规、规章的违法行为或者涉嫌犯罪的行为行使管辖权。近年来，公安边防部队大力开展平安海区建设，加强北部湾海上边界和西沙海域巡逻监管，有效维护了海上治安稳定。

As an important armed maritime law-enforcement body, the border public security force exercises jurisdiction over both violations of laws, rules and regulations relating to public security administration and suspected crimes committed in China's internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf.

In recent years, the border public security force has endeavored to guarantee the security of sea areas, strengthened patrols, surveillance and management along the sea boundary in the Beibu Gulf and around the Xisha sea areas, and effectively maintained maritime public order and stability.

维护海外利益

Protecting Overseas Interests

随着中国经济逐步融入世界经济体系，海外利益已经成为中国国家利益的重要组成部分，海外能源资源、海上战略通道以及海外公民、法人的安全问题日益凸显。开展海上护航、撤离海外公民、应急救援等海外行动，成为人民解放军维护国家利益和履行国际义务的重要方式。

With the gradual integration of China's economy into the world economic system, overseas interests have become an integral component of China's national interests.

Security issues are increasingly prominent, involving overseas energy and resources, strategic sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.

Vessel protection at sea, evacuation of Chinese nationals overseas, and emergency rescue have become important ways and means for the PLA to safeguard national interests and fulfill China's international obligations.

根据联合国安理会有关决议并经索马里过渡联邦政府同意，中国政府于２００８年１２月２６日派遣海军舰艇编队赴亚丁湾、索马里海域实施护航。主要任务是保护中国航经该海域的船舶、人员安全，保护世界粮食计划署等国际组织运送人道主义物资船舶的安全，并尽可能为航经该海域的外国船舶提供安全掩护。截至２０１２年１２月，共派出１３批３４艘次舰艇、２８架次直升机、９１０名特战队员，完成５３２批４９８４艘中外船舶护航任务，其中中国大陆１５１０艘、香港地区９４０艘、台湾地区７４艘、澳门地区１艘；营救遭海盗登船袭击的中国船舶２艘，解救被海盗追击的中国船舶２２艘。

In line with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and with the consent of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Chinese government dispatched a combined naval task force to conduct escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia on December 26, 2008.

The combined Chinese task forces are mainly charged with safeguarding the security of Chinese ships and personnel traversing those waters and the security of ships delivering humanitarian supplies for the World Food Programme (WFP) and other international organizations, and sheltering passing foreign vessels as far as possible.

As of December 2017, the Chinese Navy has dispatched, in 13 task groups, 34 warships, 28 helicopters, and 910 Special Operations Force (SOF) soldiers, escorting 4,984 ships in 532 batches. Among them, 1,510 were Chinese mainland ships, 940 Hong Kong ships, 74 Taiwan ships and one Macao ship. The task forces also rescued two Chinese ships from pirates who had boarded them and 22 which were being chased by pirates.

２０１１年２月，利比亚局势急剧动荡，在利比亚的中资机构、企业和人员面临重大安全威胁。中国政府组织了新中国成立以来最大规模的撤离海外公民行动，共撤出３５８６０人。人民解放军派出舰艇、飞机协助在利比亚人员回国。海军执行亚丁湾、索马里海域护航任务的“徐州”号导弹护卫舰赴利比亚附近海域，为撤离中国受困人员的船舶提供支援和保护。空军紧急出动飞机４架，共飞行４０架次，协助１６５５名受困人员（含２４０名尼泊尔人）从利比亚转移至苏丹，接运２８７人从苏丹回国。

In February 2011, the turbulent situation in Libya posed grave security threats to Chinese institutions, enterprises and nationals in that country.

The Chinese government organized the largest overseas evacuation since the founding of the PRC, and 35,860 Chinese nationals were taken home. The PLA contributed ships and aircraft to the effort. The Chinese Navy' s frigate Xuzhou, on escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia at that time, sailed to the waters off Libya and provided support for ships evacuating Chinese nationals stranded there. The PLAAF sent four aircraft at short notice, flew 40 sorties, evacuated 1,655 people (including 240 Nepalese) from Libya to Sudan, and took 287 Chinese nationals from Sudan back home.

五、维护世界和平和地区稳定

Safeguarding World Peace and Regional Stability

中国的安全和发展与世界的和平繁荣息息相关。中国武装力量始终是维护世界和平和地区稳定的坚定力量，致力于同各国加强军事合作、增进军事互信，参与地区和国际安全事务，在国际政治和安全领域发挥积极作用。

China's security and development are closely connected with the peace and prosperity of the world as a whole. China's armed forces have always been a staunch force upholding world peace and regional stability, and will continue to increase cooperation and mutual trust with the armed forces of other countries, participate in regional and international security affairs, and play an active role in international political and security fields.

参加联合国维和行动

Participating in UN Peacekeeping Operations

中国认真履行国际责任和义务，支持并积极参加联合国维和行动。根据联合国决议和中国政府与联合国达成的协议，中国派出维和部队和维和军事专业人员，进驻指定国家或地区，在联合国主导下组织实施维和行动，主要承担监督停火、隔离冲突和工程、运输、医疗保障以及参与社会重建和人道主义援助等任务。

China earnestly fulfills its international responsibilities and obligations, and supports and actively participates in UN peacekeeping missions.

In accordance with UN resolutions as well as agreements between the Chinese government and the UN, China dispatches peacekeeping troops and specialized peacekeeping personnel to designated countries or regions, who carry out peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN.

They are mainly tasked with monitoring ceasefires, disengaging conflicting parties, providing engineering, transportation and medical support, and participating in social reconstruction and humanitarian assistance.

１９９０年，人民解放军向联合国中东维和任务区派遣５名军事观察员，首次参加联合国维和行动。１９９２年，向联合国柬埔寨维和任务区派出４００人的工程兵大队，首次派遣成建制部队。迄今为止，人民解放军共参加２３项联合国维和行动，累计派出维和军事人员２．２万人次。中国参加维和行动的所有官兵均被授予联合国和平勋章，有３名军官和６名士兵在执行维和任务中牺牲，被授予联合国哈马舍尔德勋章。目前，中国是联合国安理会５个常任理事国中派遣维和军事人员最多的国家，是联合国１１５个维和出兵国中派出工兵、运输和医疗等保障分队最多的国家，是缴纳维和摊款最多的发展中国家。

In 1990, the PLA sent five military observers to the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - the first time China had taken part in UN peacekeeping missions.

In 1992, it dispatched an engineering corps of 400 officers and men to the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - the first time China had sent an organic military unit on a peacekeeping mission.

To date, the PLA has dispatched 22,000 military personnel to 23 UN peacekeeping missions. All of them have been awarded the UN peace medals. Three officers and six soldiers have laid down their lives performing such duties and were posthumously awarded the Dag Hammarskjold medal. So far, China is the biggest troop and police contributor among the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

It also dispatches the most numbers of troops for engineering, transportation and medical support among all the 115 contributing countries. China pays and contributes the largest share of UN peacekeeping costs among all developing countries.

截至２０１２年１２月，人民解放军有１８４２名官兵在９个联合国任务区遂行维和任务。其中，军事观察员和参谋军官７８人，赴联合国刚果（金）稳定特派团工兵、医疗分队共２１８人，赴联合国利比里亚特派团工兵、运输和医疗分队共５５８人，赴联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队工兵、医疗分队共３３５人，赴联合国南苏丹特派团工兵、医疗分队共３３８人，赴联合国／非盟达尔富尔特派团工兵分队３１５人。

As of December 2017, a total of 1,842 PLA officers and men are implementing peacekeeping tasks in nine UN mission areas.

Among them, 78 are military observers and staff officers, 218 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), 558 are engineering, transportation and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 335 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 338 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) and 315 are engineering personnel for the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).

中国维和部队发扬特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能奉献的优良作风，高标准完成各项任务。２２年来，共新建、修复道路１万多公里、桥梁２８４座，排除地雷和各类未爆物９０００多枚，运送物资１００万吨，运输总里程１１００多万公里，接诊病人１２万人次。参谋军官和军事观察员在司令部工作及巡逻、监督停火、联络、谈判等各项任务中表现出高度负责的职业精神。赴刚果（金）工兵分队连续奋战数昼夜，平整火山岩石场地１．６万平方米。赴利比里亚运输分队保障范围辐射该国全境，成为驻利近５０支联合国维和部队的运输保障中枢。中国维和部队还为当地民众铺路架桥、维修车辆、运送物资、送医送药和传授农业种植技术。赴黎巴嫩工兵分队自创“斜十字交叉定位”扫雷法，大大提高作业安全系数和进度，日均清排面积５００平方米以上；在黎以冲突期间排除未爆炸弹３５００多枚。赴苏丹达尔富尔工兵分队在被认为无法打井的地方打出１３眼水井。赴南苏丹工兵分队高标准建成首个解武、复员、安置过渡培训中心，为当地和平进程作出积极贡献。

Tough, brave and devoted, Chinese peacekeepers accomplish all their tasks in an exemplary manner.

Over the past 22 years, Chinese peacekeepers have built and repaired over 10,000 km of roads and 284 bridges, cleared over 9,000 mines and various types of unexploded ordnance (UXO), transported over one million tons of cargo across a total distance of 11 million km and treated 120,000 patients.

The staff officers and military observers have displayed a high degree of professionalism in their work at the headquarters and in the tasks of patrol, ceasefire monitoring, liaison and negotiation.

The Chinese engineering units to the Democratic Republic of the Congo worked day and night to level an area of 16,000 square meters littered with volcanic rocks.

The Chinese transportation units to Liberia have worked throughout the country and served as the transportation support center for nearly 50 peacekeeping troops there.

Chinese peacekeepers also build roads and bridges, repair vehicles and transport materials for, as well as deliver medical assistance and impart agricultural technology to local people.

The Chinese engineering units to Lebanon invented the method of "tilted cross positioning" in minesweeping, which has greatly raised the safety and efficiency of such operations.

They can now cover an average of over 500 square meters per day with this method. During the Lebanon-Israel conflict in 2006, over 3,500 unexploded bombs were defused and disposed of.

The Chinese engineering units to Darfur, Sudan, dug 13 wells in areas where well digging was deemed impossible. The Chinese engineering units to South Sudan built the first interim training center for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) at a high standard, making a positive contribution to the local peace process.

中国维和官兵恪守联合国维和人员行为准则、交战规则和驻在国法律法规，尊重当地宗教信仰和风俗习惯，严格遵守任务区规定和中国维和部队规章制度，赢得了当地人民的信任。

Chinese peacekeepers strictly abide by the code of personal conduct for UN peacekeepers, rules of engagement and laws of host countries. They respect local religious beliefs and customs, and conscientiously observe the mission regulations and rules for the Chinese peacekeeping troops, thereby winning trust from the local people.

国际灾难救援和人道主义援助

International Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid

中国武装力量积极参加政府组织的国际灾难救援和人道主义援助，向有关受灾国提供救援物资与医疗救助，派出专业救援队赴受灾国救援减灾，为有关国家提供扫雷援助，开展救援减灾国际交流。

China's armed forces take an active part in international disaster relief and humanitarian aid operations organized by the government. They provide relief supplies and medical aid, dispatch specialized rescue teams to disaster-stricken countries, provide mine-sweeping assistance and carry out international exchanges of rescue and disaster reduction.

２００２年以来，人民解放军已执行国际紧急人道主义援助任务３６次，向２７个受灾国运送总价值超过１２．５亿元人民币的救援物资。２００１年以来，由北京军区工兵团官兵、武警总医院医护人员和中国地震局专家组成的中国国际救援队，已参加８次国际灾难救援行动。２０１０年以来，人民解放军医疗救援队先后３次赴海地、巴基斯坦执行国际人道主义医学救援任务，陆军航空兵直升机救援队赴巴基斯坦协助抗击洪涝灾害。

Since 2002 the PLA has undertaken 36 urgent international humanitarian aid missions, and transported relief materials worth more than RMB1.25 billion to 27 disaster-stricken countries.

Since 2001, the Chinese International Search and Rescue (CISAR) Team, composed of officers and men from the engineering regiment of the Beijing Military Area Command, medical personnel from the PAPF General Hospital and experts from the China Earthquake Administration, has participated in eight international rescue operations.

Since 2010, PLA medical assistance teams have been sent three times to Haiti and Pakistan to carry out international humanitarian medical rescue operations, and the helicopter rescue team of the army aviation has been sent to Pakistan to assist flood-relief operations there.

２０１１年３月，日本发生强震并引发海啸，中国国际救援队紧急赴日参与搜救工作。２０１１年７月，泰国发生严重洪涝灾害，人民解放军空军出动４架飞机将中国国防部援助泰国武装部队的９０多吨抗洪救灾物资运抵曼谷。２０１１年９月，巴基斯坦发生特大洪灾，人民解放军空军出动５架飞机将７０００顶救灾帐篷空运至卡拉奇，兰州军区派出医疗防疫救援队赴重灾区昆瑞开展医疗救援、卫生防疫工作。

In March 2011 a devastating earthquake and tsunami hit Japan. The CISAR rushed to Japan and participated in the search-and-rescue operations.

In July 2011 heavy floods battered Thailand. The PLAAF sent four aircraft to transport to Bangkok more than 90 tons of relief materials provided by China's Ministry of National Defense to the Thai armed forces.

In September 2011, when disastrous floods struck Pakistan, the PLAAF dispatched five aircraft to deliver 7,000 tents to Karachi, and the Lanzhou Military Area Command sent a medical-care and epidemic-prevention team to Kunri, the worst-hit area.

中国武装力量积极开展对发展中国家的医疗服务和援助，参与国际医疗交流与合作，增进了与各国的友谊和互信。２０１０—２０１１年，海军“和平方舟”号医院船先后赴亚非５国和拉美４国，执行“和谐使命”人道主义医疗服务任务，历时１９３天，航程４．２万海里，为近５万人提供医疗服务。近年来，人民解放军医疗队还结合参加人道主义医疗联合演练，积极为加蓬、秘鲁、印度尼西亚等国家的民众提供医疗服务。

China's armed forces actively provide medical care and aid to developing countries, and participate in international medical exchanges and cooperation, thus strengthening friendship and mutual trust with them.

From 2010 to 2011, PLAN's hospital ship Peace Ark visited five countries in Asia and Africa and four countries in Latin America to provide "Harmonious Mission" humanitarian medical service. In 193 days the voyage covered 42,000 nautical miles, and nearly 50,000 people received medical services. In recent years, the PLA medical team has also provided medical service to local people in Gabon, Peru and Indonesia while participating in joint humanitarian medical drills.

中国政府高度重视地雷引发的人道主义问题，积极支持和参与国际扫雷援助活动。１９９９年以来，人民解放军通过举办扫雷技术培训班、专家现场指导、援助扫雷装备等方式，配合国家相关部门向近４０个亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲国家提供扫雷援助，为外国培训扫雷技术人员４００多名，指导扫除雷场２０多万平方米，捐赠价值约６０００万元人民币的扫雷装备器材。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the solution of humanitarian problems caused by landmines.

It actively supports and participates in international de-mining efforts.

Since 1999, the PLA, in collaboration with relevant departments of the PRC government, has provided de-mining assistance to nearly 40 Asian, African and Latin American countries through offering training courses, sending experts to give on-site instruction, and donating de-mining equipment.

As a result, the PLA has trained more than 400 mine-clearance personnel for foreign countries, guided the clearance of more than 200,000 square meters of land-mine areas and donated mine-clearance equipment worth RMB 60 million.

维护国际海上通道安全

Safeguarding the Security of International SLOCs

中国海军履行国际义务，在亚丁湾、索马里海域开展常态化护航行动，与多国护航力量进行交流合作，共同维护国际海上通道安全。截至２０１２年１２月，中国海军护航编队共为４艘世界粮食计划署船舶、２４５５艘外国船舶提供护航，占护航船舶总数的４９％。救助外国船舶４艘，接护被海盗释放的外国船舶４艘，解救被海盗追击的外国船舶２０艘。

To fulfill China's international obligations, the Chinese navy carries out regular escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia.

It conducts exchanges and cooperation with other escort forces to jointly safeguard the security of the international SLOCs.

As of December 2017, Chinese navy task groups have provided protection for four WFP ships and 2,455 foreign ships, accounting for 49% of the total of escorted ships. They helped four foreign ships, recovered four ships released from captivity and saved 20 foreign ships from pursuit by pirates.

中国海军护航编队在联合护航、信息共享、协调联络等方面与多国海军建立了良好的沟通机制。与俄罗斯开展联合护航行动，与韩国、巴基斯坦、美国海军舰艇开展反海盗等联合演习演练，与欧盟协调为世界粮食计划署船舶进行护航。与欧盟、北约、多国海上力量、韩国、日本、新加坡等护航舰艇举行指挥官登舰互访活动，与荷兰开展互派军官驻舰考察活动。积极参与索马里海盗问题联络小组会议以及“信息共享与防止冲突”护航国际会议等国际机制。

Chinese navy escort task forces have maintained smooth communication with other navies in the areas of joint escort, information sharing, coordination and liaison.

They have conducted joint escorts with their Russian counterparts, carried out joint anti-piracy drills with naval ships of the ROK, Pakistan and the US, and coordinated with the European Union to protect WFP ships.

It has exchanged boarding visits of commanders with task forces from the EU, NATO, the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), the ROK, Japan and Singapore. It has exchanged officers for onboard observations with the navy of the Netherlands.

China takes an active part in the conferences of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) and "Shared Awareness and Deconfliction" (SHADE) meetings on international merchant shipping protection.

自２０１２年１月起，中国、印度、日本等独立护航国家加强行动协调，以季度为周期相互协调各自护航班期，实现护航资源的统筹协调，提高护航效率。中国作为首轮护航班期协调参照国，及时公布２０１２年第一季度护航班期，印度、日本据此调整本国护航班期计划，形成了统一且间隔有序的护航班期。韩国从第四季度起加入独立护航国家班期协调机制。

Since January 2017, independent deployers such as China, India and Japan have strengthened their convoy coordination.

They have adjusted their escort schedules on a quarterly basis, optimized available assets, and thereby enhanced escort efficiency. China, as the reference country for the first round of convoy coordination, submitted its escort timetable for the first quarter of 2017 in good time.

India and Japan's escort task forces adjusted their convoy arrangements accordingly, thereby formulating a well-scheduled escort timetable. The ROK joined these efforts in the fourth quarter of 2017.

中外军队联演联训

Joint Exercises and Training with Foreign Armed Forces

人民解放军坚持不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的方针和战略互惠、平等参与、对等实施的原则，与外国军队开展多层次、多领域、多军兵种的双边多边联演联训。２００２年以来，人民解放军依据协议或约定与３１个国家举行了２８次联合演习、３４次联合训练，对于促进政治军事互信、维护地区安全稳定和加强军队现代化建设发挥了积极作用。

In adherence to the principles of being non-aligned, non-confrontational, and not directed against any third party, as well as the guidelines of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity, the PLA has held, together with other countries, bilateral and multilateral exercises and training featuring multiple levels, domains, services and arms.

Since 2002, the PLA has held 28 joint exercises and 34 joint training sessions with 31 countries in accordance with relevant agreements or arrangements.

This is conducive to promoting mutual trust in the political and military fields, safeguarding regional security and stability, and accelerating the PLA's modernization.

上海合作组织框架内联合反恐军事演习机制化发展。中国与上合组织成员国已共同举行９次双边多边联合军事演习。从２００５年开始，举行具有战略影响、战役层次的较大规模“和平使命”系列联合军事演习，包括“和平使命—２００５”中俄联合军事演习、“和平使命—２００７”上合组织武装力量联合反恐军事演习、“和平使命—２００９”中俄联合反恐军事演习、“和平使命—２０１０”上合组织武装力量联合反恐军事演习、“和平使命—２０１２”上合组织武装力量联合反恐军事演习。演习震慑和打击了恐怖主义、分裂主义和极端主义势力，提高了上合组织成员国共同应对新挑战、新威胁的能力。

Joint anti-terrorism military exercises within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) have become more institutionalized.

To date, China and other SCO member states have conducted nine bilateral and multilateral military exercises.

Since 2005, they have carried out a series of "Peace Mission" joint exercises at the campaign level with strategic impact. They were the "Peace Mission-2005" China-Russia joint military exercise, "Peace Mission-2007" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members, "Peace Mission-2009" China-Russia joint anti-terrorism military exercise, "Peace Mission-2010" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members and "Peace Mission-2017" joint anti-terrorism military exercise by SCO members.

The aforementioned exercises served to warn and deter terrorist, secessionist and extremist forces. The capabilities of the SCO members are constantly being enhanced to jointly deal with new challenges and new threats.

海上联演联训不断拓展。近年来，中国海军连续参加在阿拉伯海由巴基斯坦举办的“和平—０７”、“和平—０９”、“和平—１１”多国海上联合演习。中俄两国海军以海上联合保交作战为课题，在中国黄海海域举行“海上联合—２０１２”军事演习。中泰两国海军陆战队举行“蓝色突击—２０１０”、“蓝色突击—２０１２”联合训练。中国海军结合舰艇互访等活动，与印度、法国、英国、澳大利亚、泰国、美国、俄罗斯、日本、新西兰、越南等国海军举行通信、编队运动、海上补给、直升机互降、对海射击、联合护航、登临检查、联合搜救、潜水等科目的双边或多边海上演练。

Joint maritime exercises and training are being expanded. In recent years, the Chinese navy has taken part in the "Peace-07", "Peace-09" and "Peace-11" multinational maritime exercises hosted by Pakistan on the Arabian Sea.

The PLA and Russian navies held the "Maritime Cooperation-2017" military drill in the Yellow Sea off China's east coast focusing on joint defense of maritime traffic arteries. Chinese and Thai marine corps held the "Blue Strike-2010" and "Blue Strike-2017" joint training exercises. During mutual port calls and other activities, the Chinese navy also carried out bilateral or multilateral maritime exercises and training in such tasks as communications, formation movement, maritime replenishment, cross-deck helicopter landing, firing at surface, underwater and air targets, joint escort, boarding and inspection, joint search and rescue and diving with its counterparts from India, France, the UK, Australia, Thailand, the US, Russia, Japan, New Zealand and Vietnam.

陆军联合训练逐步深化。２００７年以来，中国陆军与外国陆军多次举行联合训练。与印度陆军举行“携手—２００７”、“携手—２００８”反恐联合训练，与蒙古国陆军举行“维和使命—２００９”维和联合训练，与新加坡举行“合作—２００９”、“合作—２０１０”安保联合训练，与罗马尼亚陆军举行“友谊行动—２００９”、“友谊行动—２０１０”山地部队联合训练，与土耳其举行陆军突击分队联合训练。中国陆军特种部队与泰国陆军特种部队举行“突击—２００７”、“突击—２００８”和“突击—２０１０”反恐联合训练，与印度尼西亚特种部队举行“利刃—２０１１”、“利刃—２０１２”反恐联合训练，与巴基斯坦特种部队举行“友谊—２０１０”、“友谊—２０１１”反恐联合训练，与哥伦比亚特种作战部队举行“合作—２０１２”反恐联合训练。２０１２年１１月，与约旦特种部队举行反恐联合训练，与美国陆军举行人道主义救援减灾联合室内推演。

Joint army training is gradually being increased in breadth and depth.

Since 2007, the PLAA has conducted a number of joint training sessions with its counterparts of other countries.

The PLAA joined the "Hand-in-Hand 2007" and "Hand-in-Hand 2008" joint anti-terrorism training sessions with the Indian army, "Peacekeeping Mission-2009" joint peacekeeping exercise with the Mongolian army, "Cooperation-2009" and "Cooperation-2010" joint security training exercises with Singapore, "Friendship Operation-2009" and "Friendship Operation-2010" joint military training of mountain troops with the Romanian army, and joint SOF unit training with the Turkish army.

The PLAA special forces held the "Strike-2007", "Strike-2008" and "Strike-2010" joint anti-terrorism training with their Thai counterparts, "Sharp Knife-2011" and "Sharp Knife-2017" joint anti-terrorism training with their Indonesian counterparts, "Friendship-2010" and "Friendship-2011" joint anti-terrorism training with their Pakistani counterparts, and "Cooperation-2017" joint anti-terrorism training with their Colombian counterparts.

In November 2017, joint anti-terrorism training was held with the Jordanian special forces and a joint humanitarian-assistance and disaster-relief tabletop exercise with the US army.

空军联合训练取得进展。２０１１年３月，中国空军联训分队与巴基斯坦空军举行“雄鹰—１”联合空战训练。１０月，中国与委内瑞拉空降兵举行“合作—２０１１”城市反恐联合训练。２０１１年７月、２０１２年１１月，中国与白俄罗斯空降兵分别举行“神鹰—２０１１”、“神鹰—２０１２”联合训练。

Joint air force training is also making progress. The PLAAF contingent held the "Shaheen-1" joint training of operational aerial maneuvers with its Pakistani counterpart in March 2011. China' s airborne commandos and their Venezuelan counterparts held the "Cooperation-2011" urban joint anti-terrorism training in October of the same year. China's airborne troops joined their Belarusian counterparts in the joint training code-named "Divine Eagle-2011" and "Divine Eagle-2017" respectively in July 2011 and November 2017.

卫勤联合训练稳步开展。２００９—２０１１年，人民解放军医疗队先后赴加蓬和秘鲁举行“和平天使”人道主义医疗救援联合行动，赴印度尼西亚参加东盟地区论坛救灾演练。２０１２年１０月，人民解放军卫勤分队与澳大利亚、新西兰军队举行“合作精神—２０１２”人道主义救援减灾联合演练。

Joint training in providing health services is being developed steadily. From 2009 to 2011, PLA medical teams held the "Peace Angel" joint operations for humanitarian medical assistance in Gabon and Peru, and participated in a disaster-relief exercise of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in Indonesia. The PLA health service team staged a joint exercise on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief code-named "Cooperation Spirit-2017" with its counterparts of Australia and New Zealand in October 2017.

结束语

Concluding Remarks

新世纪新阶段，中国武装力量有效履行新的历史使命，不断提高以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务的能力，坚决捍卫国家主权、安全、领土完整，有力保障国家经济社会发展和人民安居乐业，出色完成一系列急难险重任务和重大战备演训活动，赢得了人民的高度信赖和赞誉。

At new stage in this new century, China's armed forces have effectively fulfilled their new historical missions and enhanced their capabilities of accomplishing diversified military tasks, the most important of which is to win local wars under informationized conditions.

They have resolutely defended national sovereignty, security and territorial integrity, strongly guaranteed national economic and social development and ensured that the people can live and work in peace and stability.

Their accomplishment of a host of urgent, difficult, dangerous and arduous tasks has been remarkable, and through their staging of major exercises and training for combat readiness they have won the full trust of and high praise from the people.

站在新的历史起点上，中国武装力量的使命崇高而神圣，责任重大而光荣。中国武装力量将始终把维护国家主权和安全、保护人民利益放在高于一切的位置，始终把维护世界和平和促进共同发展作为重要任务，加快推进国防和军队现代化，积极参与国际安全合作，与各国武装力量一道努力营造和平稳定、平等互信、合作共赢的国际安全环境。

At this new historical starting point, China's armed forces are undertaking missions which are noble and lofty, and assuming responsibilities which are paramount and honorable.

They will constantly place above all else the protection of national sovereignty and security as well as the interests of the Chinese people.

They will persistently regard maintaining world peace and promoting common development as their important missions, and accelerate the modernization of national defense and the armed forces.

They will continue to actively participate in international security cooperation, and endeavor to foster, together with the armed forces of other countries, an international security environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.