你问我答 In which, with which, of which, by which 几个以 which 做为关系代词的用法
Play audio file 本期节目的问题 My name is Simon, I have a question about the attributive clause ‘which’: when should we use ‘in which’, when should we use ‘with which’, ‘of which’, ‘by which’? Thank you!
本期节目内容简介 你能看出为什么在以下的两个例句中,which 前使用的介词不同?
This is the house in which I grew up.
This is the camera with which I take all my professional pictures.
在本期节目中,我们给大家详细讲解 which 在关系从句 relative clause中做为关系代词 relative pronoun的功能。关系从句的通常用来修饰它之前的名词,给听者提供更加详细的信息。需要注意的是以上两个例句均是非常正式的表达,而在现代口语对话中此类说法会被其它句型所替代。例如:
This is the house I grew up in.
This is the camera I take all my professional pictures with.
你能看出它们的不同之处吗?请听本期节目的讲解。
文字稿 关于台词的备注: 请注意这不是广播节目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能没有体现录制、编辑过程中对节目做出的改变。)
Helen
大家好,欢迎收听BBC 英语教学的你问我答节目。我是 Helen。大家准备好英语语法挑战了吗?我们收到了这么一个问题,让我们来听一下。
Question
My name is Simon, I have a question about the attributive clause ‘which’: when should we use ‘in which’, when should we use ‘with which’, ‘of which’, ‘by which’? Thank you!
Helen
这的确是一个非常好的问题。 我们先来看一下 which 这个词。大家应该都知道 which 主要在问句中作疑问代词,意思是“哪些、哪儿”。比如:
Example
Which train do I take to Beijing?
去北京我可以坐哪趟火车?
Helen
Which 还可以做为一个relative pronoun 这就是关系代词,用于一句话之间,修饰前面所说的物体。比如:
Example
The train which I took to Beijing was superfast.
我去北京乘的那趟火车特别快。
Helen
在刚才我们听到的这个例句中,我们用 which 来说明“究竟是哪一趟火车 which train”, 是“我们去北京搭乘的那趟火车 the train which I took to Beijing”。另外提一下,在口语对话中,尤其是非限制性定语从句,我们常常省略 which,对句子的含义没有任何影响。比如:
Example
The train I took to Beijing was superfast.
我去北京搭乘的那趟火车特别快。
Helen
大家注意到了 which 从 train 后面消失了,不过我们都知道句子的意思没有改变,和原来还是一样的 。
在英语中,还有一些其它的关系代词,包括 who,that还有 whom。在 Simon 给我们发来的问题中,他把 which 形容为一个attributive clause 定语从句。 这其实是错误的理解,which 是一个 relative pronoun 关系代词,用来引导定语从句。
不过 Simon 另一部分的提问是对的,他想知道为什么英语中经常有“in which、by which、of which 和 on which”这样的词组结构?为了帮助我们进行解答,我们需要重新回到例句,稍作修改,这次“我们开车去北京”,用动词 travel 来替代 take。让我们听一下。
Example
This is the car which I travelled to Beijing.
Helen
是不是听着有点别扭。是的,在英语里,没有“travel a car ”的说法。我们可以说 “travel in a car”。比如:I travelled in this car。我们需要保留介词 in。那么在一个关系从句中,介词 in可以放在哪里呢?我们有两个选择:
Examples
This is the car in which I travelled to Beijing.
This is the car which I travelled to Beijing in.
Helen
我们可以在 which 之前加 in,或者在句尾加上 in。两句话的意思是一样的,都是指“这是我去北京搭乘的汽车”。这里有区别吗?有一点点。在 which 之前加介词更显正式。以前以介词结尾被认为是不完整的英语,所以人们都把介词放在 which 之前。现在人们并不这么讲究了。接下来的三个例句的意思都是“这是我从小长大住的房子”。先让来我们听一听最正式的说法。
Example
This is the house in which I grew up.
Helen
接下来是比较正式的说法。
Example
This is the house which I grew up in.
Helen
而最不正式的说法连 which 都省略了。
Example
This is the house I grew up in.
Helen
好了,接下来让我们听另一个例句。
Example
This is the pitch on which I played football all those years ago.
这就是我多年前踢足球的场地。
Helen
听到了吗,“on which”?为什么我们在这里要用 “on which”?非常简单“you play football on a pitch”。“On” 在这里是正确的介词,我们不会说“play in a pitch”。让我们继续听例句。
Example
Back at school, the name by which I was known was Charlie.
我在上学的时候,大家都知道我的名字是查理。
Helen
在英语里,you are“known by a name”,所以“by”是在这个关系从句中的介词。接下来的例句你觉得对不对?
Example
And these are the friends with which I played every day.
Helen
这里出问题了。我们不能把 which 和人连在一起。我们得用 who 或者 whom。比如:
Example
And these are the friends with whom I played every day.
这些都是每天和我一起玩的朋友。
Helen
Which 只和事物搭配。让我们来看另一个例句,是和介词 with。
Example
This is the camera with which I take all my professional pictures.
这是我用来拍摄我所有专业照片的相机。
Helen
这句话非常正式,还记得另外两种不那么正式的句型吗?
Examples
This is the camera which I take all my professional pictures with.
This is the camera I take all my professional pictures with.
Helen
好了,希望我们的节目解答了 Simon 的疑问。如果大家在英语学习时碰到了问题,欢迎和我们联系,邮箱是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk. 感谢收听,我是 Helen,下次节目再见!
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