强化训练03 阅读理解(三)
(45分钟，100分)
A
The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use, according to a new research from the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). The UK promises to reduce its carbon emissions (排放) by 80 percent by 2050, part of which will be achieved by all new homes being zerocarbon by 2016. But this report shows that sustainable building design on its own－though extremely important－is not enough to achieve such reductions: the behaviour of the people using the building has to change too.
The study suggests that the ways that people use and live in their homes have been largely ignored by existing efforts to improve energy efficiency (效率), which instead focus on architectural and technological developments.
“Technology is going to assist but it is not going to do everything，” explains Katy Janda, a UKERC senior researcher, “consumption patterns of building users can defeat the most careful design. ” In other words, old habits die hard, even in the bestdesigned ecohome.
Another part of the problem is information. Households and billpayers don't have the knowledge they need to change their energyuse habits.
Without specific information, it's hard to estimate the costs and benefits of making different choices. Feedback(反馈)facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors, could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.
Social science research has added a further dimension (方面), suggesting that individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted－whether people throw open their windows rather than turn down the thermostat (恒温器), for example.
Janda argues that education is the key. She calls for a focused programme to teach people about buildings and their own behaviour in them.
1. As to energy use, the new research from UKERC stresses the importance of __________.
A. zerocarbon homes
B. the behaviour of building users
C. sustainable building design
D. the reduction of carbon emissions
2. The underlined word “which” in Paragraph 2 refers to “__________”．
A. the ways
B. their homes
C. developments
D. existing efforts
3. The information gap in energy use __________.
A. can be bridged by feedback facilities
B. affects the study on energy monitors
C. brings about problems for smart meters
D. will be caused by building users' old habits
4. What does the dimension added by social science research suggest?
A. The social science research is to be furthered.
B. The education programme is under discussion.
C. The behaviour of building users is unpredictable.
D. The behaviour preference of building users is similar.
【语篇解读】 在居住节能方面，建筑的使用者的行为和设计一样重要。
1．解析：考查推理判断。由本文第一段第一句中“The behaviour of a building's users may be at least as important as its design when it comes to energy use”信息可知居住者的行为对节能很重要。
答案：B
2．解析：考查词义猜测。which引导非限制性定语从句，其先行词是existing efforts。
答案：D
3．解析：考查细节理解。由第四段最后一句“Feedback(反馈)facilities, like smart meters and energy monitors, could help bridge this information gap by helping people see how changing their behaviour directly affects their energy use; some studies have shown that households can achieve up to 15 percent energy savings using smart meters.”可知通过反馈设备可弥补居户对能量消耗不知情的状况。
答案：A
4．解析：考查细节。由倒数第二段中“individuals' behaviour in the home can be personal and cannot be predicted”信息可知：人们在家里的行为是不可预知的。
答案：C
B
The current Ebola (埃博拉病毒) outbreak in western and central Africa has infected at least 3,069 people, including 1,552 dead, making it the largest outbreak in history. Ebola is a deadly virus－about 60 percent of people infected with it have died.
How is Ebola doing its harm?
When a person becomes infected with Ebola, the virus damages the body's immune (免疫的) cells, which defend against infection, said a researcher at Lancaster University. But if a person's immune system can stand up to this attack, then he is more likely to survive the disease.
The patients that survive it best are those who don't get such a bad disadvantage in immune system. But if the body isn't able to get rid of this attack, then the immune system becomes less able to regulate (调节) itself. This means the immune system is more likely to run out of control,
leading to a drop in blood pressure, multiorgan failure and eventually death.
What are the common symptoms of the disease?
Fever. Headache.
Joint and muscle aches.
Weakness.
Diarrhea.
Vomiting.
Stomach pain.
Lack of appetite. Chilis. Rash. Redness in the eyes. Hiccups. Cough. Sore throat. Chest pain. Difficult breathing or swallowing. Bleeding inside and outside of the body.
How to prevent the spread of Ebola?
Ebola can be spread primarily via direct contact with patients, specifically the blood and fluids of an infected patient.
We should avoid contact with infected patients and objects such as clothing, bedding, and needles used by them. Avoid areas where infections have been reported. For now, the disease has only been confirmed in central and West Africa, four cases in America and Europe. Avoid eating wildcaught bush meat. Researchers have suspected that the disease came to humans via animals, probably through the meat of primates (灵长类). If you're in an area where the disease has been reported, avoid purchasing, eating, or handling wild game to stay on the safe side.
Wear protective medical clothing if you're around
infected patients.
Extreme caution is necessary. Hospital workers must use masks, gloves, goggles, and gowns, which needed to be worn at all times if you're around infected patients.
How Do People Survive Ebola?
Doctors don't know for certain who will survive Ebola, and there is no specific treatment or cure for the disease. Although in the minority, some people do recover from infection.
Our suggestions include：
Maintain your electrolytes (电解质) and body liquid. Sports drinks can be used. Monitor your blood pressure and control it if necessary. Dropping blood pressure may be a serious sign of infection. Breathe in an oxygenrich environment.
Quickly address any symptoms of infection.
Be honest about when and where you're feeling pain.
1. Ebola causes the death of a human being by __________.
A. attacking him with high fever
B. regulating his immune system
C. damaging his immune cells
D. harming all his organs directly
2. What is NOT mentioned as the symptom of Ebola?
A. Fever and chills.
B. Swallowing difficulty.
C. Loss of blood.
D. High blood pressure.
3. In order not to be infected by Ehola, we should __________.
A. have the clothing of the infected cleaned
B. avoid eating wild animals like monkeys
C. not travel to Africa, America or Europe
D. stay at home without going anywhere
4. It is true that __________.
A. a certain number of people survive Ebola
B. human has found a special cure for Ebola
C. oxygen can save infected people's lives
D. low blood pressure is surely caused by Ebola
【语篇解读】 本文主要关于一种危险的传染病——埃博拉，它的严重性、症状、传播途径、预防以及作者的一些建议。
1．解析：考查细节。由文中“How is Ebola doing its harm？”一项中第一句中“the virus damages the body's immune(免疫的)cells”信息可知：埃博拉破坏人的免疫细胞。
答案：C
2．解析：考查细节。由文中“What are the common symptoms of the disease？”一项内容找不到“高血压”这一症状。
答案：D
3．解析：考查细节。由文中“How to prevent the spread of Ebola？”一项中“Avoid eating wildcaught bush meat.”信息可知：不要吃野生动物肉是一种提议。
答案：B
4．解析：考查细节。由文中“How Do People Survive Ebola？”中“Although in the minority, some people do recover from infection.”信息点可知：有少数幸运者战胜了埃博拉。
答案：A
C
Choosing the Right Resolution (决定)
Millions of Americans began 2017 with the same resolution they started 2017 with, a goal of losing weight. However, setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake.
To reach our goal of losing weight－the output, we need to control what we eat－the input (输入)．That is, we tend to care about the output but not to control the input. This is a bad way to control goals. The alternative is to focus your resolution on the input.
Instead of resolving to lose weight, try an actionable resolution: “I'll stop having dessert for lunch，” or “I'll walk every day for 20 minutes.” Creating a goal that focuses on a wellspecified input will likely be more effective than concentrating on the outcome.
Recently a new science behind incentives (激励), including in education, has been discussed. For example, researcher Roland Fryer wanted to see what works best in motivating children to do better in school. In some cases, he gave students incentives based on input, like reading certain books, while in others, the incentives were based on output, like results on exams.
His main finding was that incentives increased achievement when based on input but had no effect on output.
Fryer's conclusion was that the intensives for inputs might be more effective because they do not know how to do better on exam, aside from general rules like “study harder”. Reading certain books, on the other hand, is a wellset task over which they have much more control.
As long as you have direct control over your goal, you have a much higher chance of success. And it's easier to start again if you fail, because you know exactly what you need to do.
If you want to cut down on your spending, a good goal would be making morning coffee at home instead of going to a care, for example. This is a wellspecified actionbased goal for which you can measure your success easily. Spending less money isn't a goal because it's too general. Similarly, if you want to spend more time with your family, don't stop with this general wish. Think about an actionable habit that you could adopt and stick to, like a family movie night every Wednesday.
In the long run, these new goals could become a habit.
1. The writer thinks that setting weight loss as a goal is a mistake because __________.
A. it is hard to achieve for most Americans
B. it is focused too much on the result
C. it is dependent on too many things
D. it is based on actionable decisions
2. In Roland Fryer's research, some students did better than the others because __________.
A. they obeyed all the general rules
B. they paid more attention to exams
C. they were motivated by their classmates
D. they were rewarded for reading some books
3. According to the writer, which of the following statements is a good goal?
A. “I'll give up dessert.”
B. “I'll study harder.”
C. “I'll cut down my expense.”
D. “I'll spend more time with my family.”
4. The writer strongly believes that we should __________.
A. develop good habits and focus on the outcome
B. be optimistic about final goals and stick to them
C. pick specific actions that can be turned into good habits
D. set ambitious goals that can balance the input and output
【语篇解读】 作者以自己减肥为例来说明我们通常犯的错误——只关注了输出，而忽视了输入。作者通过实验告诉我们要养成采取行动的习惯性，注重行动的过程。
1．解析：考查推理。由第二段第二句中“we tend to care about the output but not to control the input”我们在减肥中犯的错误：设定减肥目标，也就过分强调结果或输出，而不是减肥的过程，也就是不注重过程或输入。
答案：B
2．解析：考查推理。根据文章第三段可知针对输入的激励是让他们读书，奖励他们读书是有效的。
答案：D
3．解析：考查推理。根据文章第五段可知一个好的目标应该是具体可行的，而不是笼统的。
答案：A
4．解析：考查推理。根据文章第二段最后一句可知作者建议我们做那些我们能够采纳也能够坚持的行动习惯。也就是说作者认为我们要采取一些能够成为习惯的行动。
答案：C