第4课时 顺藤摸瓜——明辨词义猜测类题目 ⊙怎么考 1.词义猜测题主要是测试考生利用上下文判断单词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义的能力，以及it，they，them等判断其指代内容。 2.词义猜测类题目中常含有refer to，mean，be placed by，is closest in meaning to，stand for，be defined as等。
⊙怎么学 在平时阅读训练中除积累阅读的常用技巧外，还要有意学会猜测生僻词汇的能力，以及一些熟词生义的用法等。 ⊙怎么解 做此类题目，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，“上下取证”，通过构词法、语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文等线索来确定词义，“顺着”作者的思想、态度去理解，然后“上下求证”是否合乎逻辑或作者的思想等。
具体方法 1.根据接近或递进关系：由and或or等可确定生词的义域，推知它的大致意义。 2.根据选择或相对关系：对比or(要么，或者)前面和后面的句子或词语，来猜测生词的含义。 3.根据同位或解释关系：通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。 4.根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。
5.根据因果关系：根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。常见的词有：since，as，therefore，due to，thus等。 6.根据列举的实例：根据such as，for example等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。 7.利用构词法猜测词义：很多词都可以通过分析其“转化”“合成”或“派生”来确定该词在具体语境中的意义。 【典例剖析1】 (2017·大纲全国卷Ⅱ，D)Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice.The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital，Addis Ababa，is a__replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston，Texas，spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U.S.tour，which will start in Houston next September.
What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.A painting of the skeleton. B.A photograph of Lucy. C.A copy of the skeleton. D.A written record of Lucy. 答案 C [本题需要猜测的是生僻词replica，根据画线部分后面的“while the real remains”，while表示“而”，为上下文“对比”关系，相对于“the real”，可知，上文意义应是“假的，非真实的”；画线部分应指的是骨骼复制品，故选C项。]
【典例剖析2】 (2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ，C)The CRF's produce is “green”，made within the country and divided into 10 lines，with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.The Exotic Series—with Sichuan pepper，red bean(豆)，cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste.And for chocolate__snobs，who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others，the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo，Cuba，Venezuela，and Ghana，among others.
The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who ________. A.are particular about chocolate B.know little about cocoa beans C.look down upon others D.like to try new flavors 答案 A [本题要猜测的是短语；根据画线部分后面的定语从句，“他们认为自己比别人更了解巧克力……”，再根据画线部分上文内容，“And for...”“至于……，对于……”有转折的意义，故选A项“对巧克力很挑剔的人”。]
【典例剖析3】 (2017·山东卷，D)Sparrow failed to grow for another two years，until a new CEO，Carl Pearson，decided to build up its market share.He did a survey，which showed that consumers who already used
Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain，while customers of other fastfood chains were unwilling to turn
away from them.Sparrow had to develop a new promotional
campaign.
What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2
refer to? A.Customers of Sparrow restaurants. B.Sparrow restaurants. C.Customers of other fast-food chains. D.Other fastfood chains. 答案 D [本题要猜测的是代词。根据原文He did a survey，which showed that consumers who already used
Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain，while customers of other fast-food chains were unwilling to turn
away from them.可知，其他连锁店的顾客不愿离开他们的连锁店。此处，turn away from表示“从……处走开”，所以from之后应该是主语的原始位置，顺藤摸瓜，故选D项。]
【典例剖析4】 (2017·广东卷，B)...“Here's the idea，”Anne says.“Anything you think there should
be more of，do it randomly.” Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools，leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the
poor part of town，and giving money secretly to a proud old lady.Anne
says，“Kindness can build on itself
as much as violence can.” The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid，who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like all great events，kindness begins slowly，with every single act.Let it be yours!
Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above? A.Kindness and violence can change the world. B.Kindness and violence can affect one's behavior. C.Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves. D.Kindness and violence can shape one's character. 答案 C [本题要猜测的是句意。解此类题时，除根据上下文的意义外，还要抓句子的关键词汇或短语。画线部分中build on为关键短语，与C项中关键词reproduce为对应关系，故选C项。]