答案 1.who [关系代词。代替先行词表示人，在从句中作主语。] 2.who [同上。] 3.where [关系副词。其先行词表示地点。] 4.that [关系代词。其先行词前有序数词或最高级修饰时，用that作主语或宾语。] 5.which/that [关系代词。代替先行词表示“物”，在从句中作主语。] 6.why [关系副词。表示原因的先行词后用why。] 7.that/which或不填 [关系代词。作从句的宾语并指物时，用that/which或不填。] 8.As [关系代词。在从句中可以作主语、宾语或表语，指代后句提到的整个结构。] 9.who/that [同第一题。] 10.to whom [“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，重点考查固定搭配中的介词。]
Ⅲ.正反探究 1.【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month.
【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month.
解析 which 在从句中作宾语，it 多余。 2.【误】 They stood on the top of the building，from which they could see the whole city.
【正】 They stood on the top of the building，from where they could see the whole city.
解析 from where＝from the top of the building；from which＝from the building，显然前者比较合适。
3.【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which a well lies.
【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house，in front of which lies a well.
解析 in front of...放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词 lie，stand 等，主语为名词，这时要采用倒装结构，把lie，stand 等放在作主语的名词前。 4.【误】 I had told them the reason，why I didn't attend the meeting.
【正】 I had told them the reason，for which I didn't attend the meeting.
解析 that，why 通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。
5.【误】 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers who consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
【正】 Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
解析 主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where 引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先行词与定语从句分隔的现象。此时要注意准确辨认。
Ⅳ.考点确认 一、关系词的用法 引导定语从句的关系词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。关系词在定语从句中起连接作用，同时代替先行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语成分。
关系词 被修饰的先行词 关系词在从句中充当的成分 Who 指人的词 主语、宾语 Whom 指人的词 宾语 Whose 指人或物的词 定语 that 指人或物的词 主语、宾语、表语 which 指物的词或整个主句 主语、宾语 as 指人或物的词或整个主句 主语、宾语 when 表示时间的名词 时间状语 where 表示地点的名词 地点状语 why 表示原因的名词reason 原因状语 ①The people who called yesterday want to buy the house. ②The author (whom) you criticized has written a letter in reply. ③Do you know the girl whose father is a doctor? ④The person that you talked about just now is Mr Liu. ⑤Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ⑥Tom was late for work again this morning，which made the boss angry. ⑦As ia known to all，China is the biggest developing country in the world. ⑧I still remember the day when (on which) I first came to this school. ⑨This is the small village where (in which) he was born. ⑩The reason why (for which) he refused the invitation is not clear.
二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
定语从句中的介词或定语从句的谓语部分中的介词有时会提到关系代词前面，形成“介词＋关系代词”的结构。使用该结构时要注意以下几个问题： 1.介词的确定
该结构中的介词应依据定语从句的谓语部分的习惯搭配或介词与先行词的搭配来确定。
①Who is the girl with whom you just shook hands？(根据shake hands with...确定)
②He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(根据先行词的需要确定，即through the telescope)
2.关系代词的使用
介词放在关系代词之前时，关系代词不用that。指物时用which，指人时用whom，作定语时用whose。
The factory in which he once worked is torn down.
The woman to whom I talked just now is my English teacher.
Last month，part of the province was struck by floods，from whose effects the people are still suffering.
3.“不定代词或数词＋of＋关系代词”结构
“不定代词或数词＋of＋关系代词”常在定语从句中作主语，说明整体中的一部分。
China has a lot of islands，one of which is Taiwan.
There are a lot of students here，none of whom like the film. 4.“名词＋of which”结构
“名词＋of which”常代替“whose＋名词”在定语从句中作定语。
I saw some trees，the leaves of which(＝whose leaves) were black with disease.
He mentioned a book，the title of which(＝whose title) I've forgotten.
三、which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 当先行词不是主句中的某个词而是整个主句时，关系代词用which或as，但二者的用法也有区别。 1.which引导的非限制性定语从句一般跟在主句之后，而as引导的从句可在主句前、主句后，也可以在主句中间。
I failed again in the match，which was a great pity.
As we had expected，he opposed the plan.
2.which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如”。
He sold his bicycle，which surprised me.
As we know，smoking is harmful to our health.＝Smoking is harmful to our health，as we know.
注意：有时限制性定语从句也可用as引导，但此时先行词前一般有the same，as，such，so等词修饰。
3.which引导的此类定语从句，与前面的主句往往存在着“因果”逻辑关系，主句为“因”，which引导的定语从句表示“果”。
Jim is addicted to computer games，which upsets his parents very much.
⊙怎么考 在语法填空与短文改错中考查定语从句中关系代词及关系副词的用法，侧重考查that，which，when，where的用法。 ⊙怎么学 在平时的学习中，不死抠，不死背语法条目，而要在语篇中认真体会学习与印证。 ⊙怎么解 1.弄清关系代词和关系副词所代替的先行词和关系词在从句中所作的成分；2.思考其语法特征和语义特征，注意区分意义相近的关系词。` Ⅰ.体验考向 1.(2017·天津卷，15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
A.where
B.which
C.when
D.who
答案 A [考查定语从句引导词。句意：该公司的老板正在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以在这种氛围中享受工作的乐趣。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为an easy atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。]
2.(2017·四川卷，3)The books on the desk，________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.
A.which
B.what
C.whose
D.that
答案 C [考查定语从句。句意：桌面上那些封面闪亮的书是为我们准备的奖品。本题考查非限制性定语从句的连接词，先行词the books和covers之间是所有关系，故选C。]
3.(2017·陕西卷，15)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time________ he should be able to be independent.
A.which
B.where
C.whom
D.when
答案 D [考查定语从句。句意：作为家里最小的孩子，亚历克斯总是盼望着他能独立的时候。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，先行词为the time，在从句中作时间状语，故用when引导。选D。]
4.(2017·江苏卷，21)The number of smokers，________ is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A.it
B.which
C.what
D.as
答案 D [考查定语从句。句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如……”，符合句意，故选D项。]
5.(2017·湖南卷，29)It is a truly delightful place，________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
A.as
B.where
C.that
D.which
答案 D [考查定语从句引导词的选择。句意：它确实是一个令人感到快乐的地方，它看起来一定跟100年前一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和美丽的村舍。本句中先行词是a truly delightful place，且后面的定语从句中缺少主语，可用which或that引导；又因为前后两部分用逗号连接，所以所填词引导非限制性定语从句，故用which。]
6.(2017·重庆卷，9)We'll reach the sales targets in a month________we set at the beginning of the year.
A.which
B.where
C.when
D.what
答案 A [考查定语从句。句意：我们一个月内就可以达到年初设定的销售目标了。根据句子结构和句意可知，用定语从句，先行词为the sales targets，在从句中作动词set的宾语，引导词可用that/which或省略。]
7.(2017·福建卷，31)Students should involve themselves in community activities________they can gain experience for growth.
A.who
B.when
C.which
D.where
答案 D [考查定语从句。句意：学生应该参与社区活动，他们能从活动中获取成长的经验。此处是一个定语从句，先行词是community activities，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导此定语从句。]
8.(2017·湖南卷，31)I am looking forward to the day________my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.
A.as
B.why
C.when
D.where
答案 C [考查定语从句。句意：我一直盼望着这一天，我女儿能读到这本书并了解我对她的情感。分析句子结构及语境可知，设空处为when引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the day，且when在从句中作时间状语。]
9.(2017·江西卷，28)Among the many dangers________sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.
A.which
B.what
C.where
D.when
答案 A [考查定语从句。句意：在这么多水手要面对的危险中，最大的危险可能就是雾了。which指代先行词the many dangers，在定语从句中作face的宾语。]
10.(2017·江西卷，35)It was the middle of the night________my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
A.that
B.as
C.which D.when
答案 D [考查定语从句。句意：爸爸叫醒我去看足球赛的时间是午夜。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查定语从句，从句中缺少时间状语。此处关系副词when，在从句中作状语。本题容易误选A项，把题目看成强调结构。]
11.(2017·安徽卷，22)The exact year________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.
A.when
B.where
C.why
D.which
答案 D [考查定语从句。句意：安杰拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2008年。本句是定语从句，先行词是the exact year，在从句中作spent的宾语，故用关系代词which。]
12.(2017·陕西卷，13)Please send us all the information ________you have about the candidate for the position.
A.that
B.which
C.as
D.what
答案 A [考查定语从句。句意：请把你掌握的有关这个岗位人选的所有信息发给我们。分析句子成分可知，从句中缺“have”的宾语，故用关系代词，information被不定代词all修饰，故用that，而不用which。]
13.(2017·四川卷，4)Until now，we have raised 50，000 pounds for the poor children，________is quite unexpected.
A.that
B.which
C.who
D.it
答案 B [考查定语从句。句意：到现在为止，我们已经为贫困儿童筹集了5万英镑，这是完全没想到的。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which代指前面整个句子的内容，并在从句中作主语。]
14.(2017·天津卷，12)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，________uses it differently.
A.all of which
B.each of which
C.all of them
D.each of them
答案 B [考查定语从句。句意：英语是一种多元文化共享的语言，每一种文化都以不同的方式使用它。分析句子成分可知此处考查定语从句。根据uses可知是单数，排除A和C；若选D，需加连词and，故选B。]
15.(2017·山东卷，10)A company________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.
A.which
B.whose
C.who
D.why
答案 B [考查定语从句。句意：来自国内市场的利润在下降的公司可以寻求国外机会。定语从句中缺少引导词且修饰名词profits，关系代词whose修饰从句中的名词profits且引导定语从句修饰先行词a company，故选B。]
Ⅱ.语境感悟 完成下列短文，然后朗读或背诵短文，体会定语从句的用法。 Do you know the man __1__ wrote this book？He was Jason，one of the engineers __2__ came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory __3__ my father once worked.When he came to China，the first thing __4__ he did was to visit the factory __5__ did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason __6__ China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute __7__ he could spare to help China develop transportation.__8__ is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner __9__ made great contributions to our country and was a kind man __10__ we should say thanks.