detail. __6__ (tell) that they had got sick after __7__ (eat) strawberry ice-cream，the researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured(人为促成的) memory through __8__ (lead) questions—Who were you with？How
did you feel？By the end of the study，up to 41% of those __9__ (give) a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick，and many said they'd avoid __10__ (eat) it.
答案 1.published [过去分词做后置定语表示被动或完成。] 2.surprising [现在分词表示主动或进行，此处表示“令人……的”。] 3.to avoid [此处get sb to do sth为固定搭配，表示让某人做某事。] 4.to answer [此处动词不定式做宾语补足语。] 5.Having fed [分词的完成形式做状语，表示动作先于主句的动作。]
6.Having been told [分词完成形式的被动结构做状语。] 7.eating [介词后用动词的-ing形式做宾语。] 8.leading [同第7题解析。] 9.given [同第1题解析。] 10.eating [appreciate，admit，prevent，keep，avoid，risk，resist等只接动名词做宾语。]
Ⅲ.正反探究 1.【误】 Having not finished his homework，he didn't want to go to bed.
【正】 Not having finished his homework，he didn't want to go to bed.
解析 非谓语动词的否定式中，not 必须放在非谓语动词的最前面。 2.【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea.
【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea.
解析 当序数词所修饰的名词带定语时，此定语通常由不定式来充当。
3.【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.
【正】 The question to be
discussed at tomorrow's meeting is a very important one.
解析 being discussed 表示动作正在进行，而根据 at tomorrow's meeting
可判断动作发生在将来，故用 to be discussed 表示。 4.【误】 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
【正】 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
解析 作形式主语，代替动词的-ing 形式，只能用it。
5.【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated.
【正】 I could see the house beautifully decorated.
解析 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补足语。 6.【误】 Having found the cause，the experiment continued.
【正】 Having found the cause，they continued the experiment. (Having found＝After/When they had found)
解析 作状语的分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中的主语一致，现在分词与其逻辑主语有主动关系，而过去分词则与其逻辑主语有被动关系。
Ⅳ.考点确认 一、非谓语动词的各种形式 非谓语动词根据其表示动作的发生时间和表示的意义可以有不同的形式。
非谓语动词 形式 不定式 一般式：to do/to be done 进行式：to be doing 完成式：to have done/to have been done 否定式：not to do v.-ing形式 一般式：doing/being done 完成式：having done/having been done 否定式：not doing v.-ed形式 否定式：not done 二、非谓语动词的句法功能 1.非谓语动词作主语
作主语的可以是不定式和动名词。
非谓语动词 用法 不定式 往往表示一次性的、具体的动作 常用it作形式主语，而把不定式后置 动名词 表示一般或抽象的行为 有时也可用it作形式主语，但仅限于几个句型 ①It is a great honor to be invited to speak here. ②Playing the piano is my hobby. It is no good telling him the news. 注意：it作形式主语代替动名词常出现在It is no use/good doing...，It is useful doing...，It is a waste of time doing...等句式里。 2.非谓语动词作宾语
作宾语的可以是不定式和动名词，但是不定式一般不作介词的宾语。
(1)只跟不定式作宾语的动词
afford，agree，decide，determine，expect，refuse，manage，hope，want，fail，wish，ask，pretend，promise，happen，would like，set out等。
I can't afford to take a holiday this summer because of the project.
He determined to return home early.
(2)只跟动名词作宾语的动词 advise，admit，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，delay，can't help，consider(考虑)，miss，finish，practise，imagine，suggest(建议)，escape，resist，risk，mind，feel like，insist on，set about等。 It was fortunate that Jack narrowly escaped being killed in a traffic accident. Do you feel like going out for a walk? (3)跟不定式和动名词作宾语均可且意义差别不大的动词like，love，prefer，hate，begin，start，intend，continue等。 She started playing(to play) the violin when she was four. She intended to come (coming) back soon. He continued studying(to study) as if nothing had happened. (4)跟不定式和动名词作宾语意义相同，但形式不同的动词作“需要”讲时，need，want，require后接v.-ing形式与不定式所表示的意义相同，但是v.-ing形式用主动式，不定式用被动式。 Your T-shirt needs washing (to be washed). My bicycle wants repairing (to be repaired). 3.非谓语动词作表语
作表语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。
非谓语动词 用法 不定式 表示某一特定行为，尤其是将来的或有待实现的行为 动名词 不强调动作，只说明动作的名称，或主语的内容 现在分词 表示主语具有的特征 过去分词 表示主语的感受或所处的状态 ①My wish is to be a scientist. The most important thing is to put the theory into practice. ②What she likes is watching the children play. ③The reason he gave was very convincing. ④He is shocked at what happened to his son.
4.非谓语动词作补足语
作补足语的可以是不定式、现在分词和过去分词。 非谓语动词 用法 不定式 表示动作的全过程或经常性、反复性 现在分词 表示一个主动、正在进行的动作 过去分词 表示一个被动或完成的动作 ①The mother urged the little boy to go to bed. ②I caught him reading my private letters. ③He went home happily with his homework finished. 注意：大多数动词后用带to的不定式作补足语，但表示“看、听、感觉”意义的动词及使役动词have，make，let后用不带to的不定式作补足语。 5.非谓语动词作定语
作定语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。
非谓语动词 用法 不定式 一般位于被修饰词之后，表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作，若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰 动名词 一般位于被修饰词之前，说明被修饰词的用途 现在分词 表示主动、正在进行的意义 过去分词 表示被动、完成的意义 ①Are you going to attend the meeting to be held in the hall? ②There is much that can be done about the problem arising from carelessness. ③Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. 注意：名词ability，chance，way等及有序数词修饰的名词后多用不定式作定语。作定语的不定式若是不及物动词其后需搭配适当的介词。 6.非谓语动词作状语
作状语的可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
非谓语动词 用法 不定式 一般式表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有将来意义 可表示原因、目的、结果等 表示目的可置于句首，表示原因、结果置于句末 表示结果时一般含有出人意料之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系 现在分词 分词表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有进行意义 可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等 表示结果置于句末，其他情况置于句末、句首均可 表示结果时含有“顺其自然而产生”之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系 过去分词 分词表示的动作与句子主语有被动关系，且含有完成意义 可表示时间、原因、方式、条件等，置于句首、句末均可 ①To pass the college entrance exam，we must work hard. I was surprised to find him here. ②Being busy，she didn't reply to her father's letter. Having been told the meeting was cancelled，I went home after work. The plane crashed，killing all the people on board. ③Born into a poor family，he had only two years of schooling. Encouraged by his teacher，he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties. 注意：only/just to...表示意想不到的结果；too...to...“太……而不能……”；so/such...as to...“如此……以至于……”；enough (for sb) to“(对某人来说)足够做某事”等是几种常用不定式表示结果的结构。 三、非谓语动词的独立结构 非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致，即句子主语必须是非谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者或承受者。但有时候无论非谓语动词采用哪种形式都不能使其逻辑主语与句子主语一致，此时非谓语动词需带有自己的主语，即构成“名词/代词＋不定式/现在分词/过去分词”形式的独立结构。
1.名词/代词＋to do
动作没有发生，表示动作即将发生。
With so much homework to do，Tom looks sad. 2.名词/代词＋v.-ing形式
两者之间是主动关系，或表示动作正在进行。
The students seating themselves，the professor began his lecture. 3.名词/代词＋v.-ed形式
两者之间是被动关系，或表示动作已结束。
Her glasses broken，she couldn't see the road clearly.
⊙怎么考 在语篇语境中考查非谓语动词的基本用法，侧重作定语、状语、补足语的用法。 ⊙怎么学 在平时阅读、写作练习中，认真体会其基本用法，尝试运用。 ⊙怎么解 1.分析句子结构，确定设空处在句子中充当的成分(如状语、定语等)；2.搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。
Ⅰ.体验考向 1.(2017·湖南卷，30)When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，________ whether to stay or leave.
A.wondering
B.wonder
C.towonder
D.wondered
答案 A [考查非谓语动词。句意：那名店员看到一张友善的脸，脸上因歉意的微笑布满了皱纹，这时她愣在了那里，琢磨着是走还是留。句子的主语是she与wonder之间是主动关系，且wonder与主句谓语stood是同时发生的，故用现在分词作伴随状语。]
2.(2017·北京卷，21)________ the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.
A.Catching
B.Caught
C.To catch
D.Catch
答案 C [考查非谓语动词作状语。句意：为了赶上早班飞机，我们提前预定了出租车并且很早就起了床。这里逻辑主语是we，用不定式作目的状语，表示提前预定出租车并且早起的目的。故选C。]
3.(2017·重庆卷，6)________ in the poorest area of Glasgow，he had a long，hard road to becoming a football star.
A.Being raised
B.Raising
C.Raised
D.To raise
答案 C [考查非谓语动词。句意：生长在格拉斯哥最贫困的地区，他成为一名足球明星的道路漫长而艰难。raise与句子的主语he是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此排除B、D两项；A项是现在分词的被动式，表示正在发生，故排除A项。]
4.(2017·重庆卷，11)Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way ________ the sun and the stars.
A.used
B.having used
C.using
D.use
答案 C [考查非谓语动词。句意：就像古时候的水手一样，鸟能利用太阳和星星找到它们的路。根据语境，use与其句中隐含的逻辑主语birds之间为主动关系，故用v.-ing形式的一般式，在句中作伴随状语，表示与find同时发生。]
5.(2017·浙江卷，18)Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it ________ live is quite another.
A.perform
B.performing
C.to perform
D.being performed
答案 D [考查非谓语动词。句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另外一回事。题干中含有“hear＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，宾语it(指代music)与perform之间存在被动关系，且此处表示去现场听正在被演奏的音乐，故应用being performed作宾语补足语。]
6.(2017·重庆卷，5)The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras________to our shop for quality problems.
A.returning
B.returned
C.to return
D.to be returned
答案 B [考查非谓语动词。句意：生产者定期来取因质量问题而返还到我们商店的相机。动词return与名词cameras构成逻辑上的被动关系，故要用过去分词作后置定语，相当于定语从句which are returned...。]
7.(2017·重庆卷，11)Group activities will be organized after class________children develop team spirit.
A.helping
B.having helped
C.helped
D.to help
答案 D [考查非谓语动词。句意：为了帮助孩子培养团队精神，课后将组织小组活动。根据句意可知，不定式短语to help children develop team spirit在句中作目的状语，表示组织小组活动的目的。]
8.(2017·福建卷，27)________the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong，Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A.Spending
B.Spent
C.Having spent
D.To spend
答案 C [考查非谓语动词。句意：琳达作为一名交换生已经在香港度过了一年，现在看起来比那些同龄人更成熟。spend这个动作发生在appear之前，Linda和spend之间又是主谓关系，故用现在分词的完成式。]
9.(2017·湖南卷，23)________your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
A.Understanding
B.To be understood
C.Being understood
D.Having understood
答案 A [考查非谓语动词。句意：了解你自己交流的需求和方式与学会表达你的喜爱和情感一样重要。分析句子结构，设空处为句子的主语部分，且题干所述表泛指意义的行为，故应用v.-ing形式的一般式作主语。]
10.(2017·湖南卷，27)There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，________at the night sky.
A.to stare
B.staring
C.stared
D.having stared
答案 B [考查非谓语动词。句意：没有什么比躺在草坪中央凝视夜空更惬意的事了。根据语境，stare与其句中隐含的逻辑主语I之间为主动关系，故用v.-ing形式的一般式，在句中作伴随状语，表示与lying同时发生。]
11.(2017·湖南卷，30)________what you're doing today important，because you're trading a day of your life for it.
A.Make
B.To make
C.Making
D.Made
答案 A [考查祈使句中动词的形式。句意：使你今日之为变得重要，因为你为它付出了你生命中的一天。分析句子结构及语境可知，题干为祈使句且主句中使用了“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”复合结构，故应用动词原形。]
12.(2017·湖南卷，35)________ourselves from the physical and mental tensions，we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
A.Having freed
B.Freed
C.To free
D.Freeing
答案 C [考查非谓语动词。句意：为了舒缓身体和心理的紧张，我们每一个人都需要深思和内心的安静。根据语境，设空处表目的，故应用to do不定式作目的状语。]
13.(2017·天津卷，5)Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only________it didn't fit.
A.to find
B.found
C.finding
D.having found
答案 A [考查非谓语动词。句意：她焦急地从包裹里拿出裙子穿上，结果发现它不合身了。only to do表示出乎意料的结果。]
14.(2017·江西卷，34)He is thought________foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
A.to act
B.to have acted
C.acting
D.having acted
答案 B [考查非谓语动词。句意：人们认为他以前行为愚蠢。现在丢了工作只能怨他自己了。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查sb /sth be thought to do sth 句式，并且是与现在(now)进行的对比，是以前的情况，应该是发生在句子谓语动词之前。故用to have done的形式。]
15.(2017·江苏卷，29)The lecture________，a lively question-and-answer session followed.
A.being given
B.having given
C.to be given
D.having been given
答案 D [考查非谓语动词。句意：报告之后是一个活跃的问答环节。报告是被做的，且发生在问答之前，故使用having been done的形式，答案为D。]
Ⅱ.语境感悟 用所给词的适当形式完成下列短文，然后朗读或背诵，体会非谓语动词的用法。 A study __1__ (publish) in September suggests there is a __2__ (surprise) way to get people __3__ (avoid) unhealthy foods：change their memories.Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers __4__ (answer) some questions on their personalities and food experiences.“One week later，”Lotus says，“__5__ (feed) the people，we told them to type their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.”Some accounts included one key additional