(2)用于单数可数名词前表示“一、每一、某一”等意思。 You should take the medicine three times a day. A tiger has four legs. (3)用于某些抽象名词前，使其具体化。 Many people agree that a knowledge of English is a must in international trade today. 2．定冠词的用法 (1)特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。 Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday? (2)用于单数可数名词前，表示整个类属。 The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. (3)与某些形容词连用表示一类人或物。如： the disabled，the old，the less valuable等。 (4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：the moon，the sun，the earth，the universe，the world，the sky等。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 当这些名词前有修饰语时，则要用不定冠词。如： a bright moon，a new world。 (5)用于表示江河、海洋、湖泊、山脉、群岛、国家、党派、组织等专有名词或由普通名词构成的专用名词前。如： the Pacific Ocean，the Himalayas，the Philippines，the Great Wall，the United States，the WTO，the Friendship Store等。 (6)用于表示方位的名词前。如： in the east，in the northwest。 (7)在序数词和最高级前。如： the first，the best。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 当序数词不表示顺序而表示某一次时，用不定冠词修饰。如：a second time，意为“再一次；又一次”。 (8)在乐器名词前、表示姓氏的复数名词前及构成 “……年代”。如： play the violin，the Johnsons，in the 1940s。 (9)在中国的含有“festival”的节日前。如： the Spring Festival等。 (10)用在固定搭配中。如： by the dozen，by the hour，by the way，in the distance，in the morning，in the end，in the direction of，on the whole，on the other hand，the other day，to tell the truth，in the country，all the time，go to the cinema，in the open air，on the radio等。 3．不用冠词的情况 (1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。如： China，America，Smith。 (2)作表语、补语和同位语，在表示职位或头衔的名词前。 We elected Tom monitor of our class. (3)在表示季节、月份、日期、节日、星期的名词前(但在中国的传统节日前一定要有the)。 March 8 is Women’s Day，and June 1st is Children’s Day. (4)一日三餐、球类活动前。 I always have breakfast at home and lunch at school. Some students will play basketball after school，and others will go running around the campus. 4．常用的固定词组辨析 at table就餐at the table在桌子旁 in hospital住院
in the hospital在医院 in front of在……前面
in the front of在……的前部 go to school上学
go to the school去学校 have a word with与……交谈 have words with与……吵架 at times有时
at a time一次 in charge of...负责
in the charge of...由……负责 out of question没问题
out of the question不可能 [学以致用] Ⅰ.填入适当的冠词 1．(2017·浙江高考)The paper is due next month，and I am working seven days________ week，often long into ________ night. 2．(2017·江西高考)They chose Tom to be ________ captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader. 3．(2017·陕西高考)________ village where I was born has grown into ________ town. 4．(2017·天津高考)Life is like ________ ocean；Only ________ strongwilled can reach the other shore. 5．(2017·重庆高考)I can’t tell you________way to the Wilsons’ because we don’t have________Wilson here in the village. 6．(2017·浙江高考)People develop________preference for a particular style of learning at________early age and these preferences affect learning. 7．(2017·福建高考)The“Chinese Dream”is________dream to improve people’s wellbeing and________dream of harmony，peace and development. 8．(2017·江西高考)Animals are obviously________lower form of life than man. 9．(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Four and________half hours of discussion took us up to midnight，and________break for cheese，chocolate and tea with sugar. 10．(2017·陕西高考)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on________Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in________thirteenth century. 答案 1.a the 2.the a 3.The a 4.an the 5.the a 6.a an 7.a a 8.a 9.a a 10.the the Ⅱ.用a，an，the填空 There once was a king who offered 1.________prize to 2.________artist who would paint 3.________best picture of peace.Many artists tried.The king looked at all 4.________pictures.But there were only two he really liked，and he had to choose between them. One picture was of a calm lake.The lake was a perfect mirror for peaceful high mountains all around it.Overhead was a blue sky with fluffy white clouds.All who saw this picture thought that it was 5.________perfect picture of peace. The other picture had mountains，too.But these were rugged (崎岖的) and bare.Above was 6.________angry sky，from which rain fell and in which lightning played.Down 7.________side of the mountain tumbled (翻腾) a foaming (水泡) waterfall.This did not look peaceful at all. But when the king looked closely，he saw behind 8.________waterfall a tiny bush growing in a crack (裂缝) in the rock.In the bush 9.________mother bird had built her nest.There，in the midst of the rush of angry water，sat the mother bird on her nest—in perfect peace.The king chose 10.________second picture. 答案 1.a 2.the 3.the 4.the 5.a 6.an 7.the8．the 9.a 10.the Ⅲ.在下列空格中填入适当的冠词，或用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空 Yesterday we had dinner at 1.________(Mr.White). Perhaps some dish didn’t agree with me and I felt bad after dinner.So I had to go to the 2.________(doctor).3.________doctor gave me some 4.________(medical). I felt 5.________(well) but I couldn’t finish 6.________(yesterday) homework.My mother was 7.________(happy)，but my father thought it 8.________pleasure for me to know Mr.White， 9.________famous writer.As for me，I thought Mr.White focused too much on 10.________(succeed) because he didn’t want to be a 11.________(fail)． 答案 1.Mr.White’s 2.doctor’s 3.The 4.medicine 5.better 6.yesterday’s 7.unhappy 8.a 9.a 10.success 11.failure
专题五 名词和冠词 一、名词 1．名词的数 (1)物质名词(如：air，milk，money)、抽象名词(如：health，knowledge，traffic)一般都是不可数名词。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 ①要熟记下列名词，它们在英语中一般是不可数名词：advice，baggage/luggage，furniture，equipment，fun，weather，information，luck，progress，work，homework，news，word (消息)等。 ②有些物质名词表示不同种类时可用复数形式。如： Mary bought a variety of fruits and vegetables for the party. ③有些物质名词可用作可数或不可数名词，不过意义有改变。如：coffee作为物质名词(咖啡)不可数，但two coffees表示两杯咖啡。 (2)不可数名词前不可直接加数词修饰，而是采用量词词组。如：a glass of milk，a sheet of paper，two pieces of advice等。
(3)不可数名词常用(a) little，much，a great deal of等修饰，可数名词常用(a) few，many，a number of等修饰。a lot of，lots of，plenty of可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 (4)常见的单复数意义不同的名词(如：value“价值”，values“价值观”；manner“方式”，manners“礼貌”； custom“风俗”，customs“海关”； damage“损害”，damages“赔偿金”； work“工作”，works“著作”等)需特别注意。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 熟记下列易错的名词复数形式：stomachs，Germans，photos，kilos，roofs，beliefs，proofs。 (5)抽象名词具体化 具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事，具体指特定的某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。 difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事 experience经验；
an experience一次经历 failure失败；
a failure一位失败者；一件失败的事 knowledge知识；
a good knowledge丰富的知识 success成功；
a success一位成功者；一件成功的事 surprise惊奇；
a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 honour荣誉；
an honour一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 Failure is the mother of success. His new book was a great success. (6)复合名词变复数 ①主体名词变复数：boy student→boy students，passerby→passersby。 ②man/woman修饰主体名词的情况，两部分都变复数：woman doctor→women doctors。 ③没有主体名词的情况下，在词尾加s：grownup→grownups。 2．名词的所有格 (1)有生命的人或物的所有格一般由名词加“’s”构成；若是几个人共有，或几个词作为一个单位时，在最后一个名词后加“’s”，若表示各自的所属关系时，各名词的末尾都要加“’s”。如：Mary’s dictionary，Mary and Mike’s desk，Mary’s and Mike’s mothers。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 表示“某某的家/店铺”的名词所有格，常常省略其名词。如： at Mr White’s，at the tailor’s。 (2)无生命的事物的所有格一般采用“of＋名词”的结构。如：the liberation of the country，the window of the house。 【悟一悟→参透误区】 表示时间、距离、天体、金额、国家或城市等的名词所有格也可在名词后直接加“’s”构成。如：two weeks’ holiday，ten minutes’ drive，China’s population。 (3)有时，上述两种所有格形式可以结合在一起，构成双重所有格。如：a friend of my father’s。 3．名词作定语 名词在句子中除可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、同位语外，还可以用作定语。 (1)表示材料的名词作定语常用单数，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。如： stone figures石像 paper money纸币 diamond necklace钻石项链
gold medal金牌 (2)表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地点。如：country music
乡村音乐 city life
城市生活 school education
学校教育 (3)表示用途、性质的名词作定语。如：coffee cup咖啡杯 4．名词与高考 高考对名词的考查主要以词类转化的形式出现，所以，考生除了掌握名词的基础知识外，还要特别注意词语的搭配关系：动词、介词、冠词、代词、形容词后常跟名词。同时要掌握常见的名词后缀。 It’s very important to teach the children about road safety (safe)． Your kindness (kind) is grateful. [学以致用] Ⅰ.完成句子(根据汉语提示，完成下列句子) 1．Two________(月) ago，three________(英雄) caught four________(小偷)．They made them plant some________(土豆) and________(竹子) in two________(动物园)．They also made their________(妻子们) return the four big________(箱子) with some precious________(照片) and________(刷子) in them. 2．Two________(主编)，three________(男教师) and five________(女医生)，together with their________(孩子们)，went to the market.They decided to buy two________(绵羊)，three________(鹿)，four________(公牛)，five________(鹅) and six white________(老鼠) with three________(脚) and six________(牙齿)． 答案 1．months；heroes；thieves；potatoes；bamboos；zoos；wives；boxes；photos；brushes 2．editorsinchief；men teachers；women doctors；children；sheep；deer；oxen；geese；mice；feet；teeth Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文) A high school history teacher once told us，“If you make one close friend in school，you will be most lucky.A true friend is someone who stays with you for life.”Experience shows that he was right. Good 1.________(friend) are just not easily formed. To most of us，friendships are thought very important，but we need to have the kinds of friendships we want. Are they to be close or kept at arm’s 2.________(long)？Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface？For some people，many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that’s all right. But at some point we need to make sure that our 3.________(expect) are the same as our 4.________(friend) expectations.The sharing of 5.________(person) experience is the surest way 6.________(deepen) friendships. But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and 7.________(act) return. What are some of the difficulties to friendship？The greatest is the 8.________(attract) to expect too much too soon. Deep relationships take time.Another main difficulty is the 9.________(selfish) to think one“owns”the other，including his time and 10.________(attend). Similarly，friendships need actions in return.In other words，you must give as much as you take.Finally there is a question of taking care of each other.Unless you spend reasonable time together，talking on the phone，writing letters or doing things together，friendships will die away. 答案 1.friendships 2.length 3.expectations 4．friends’ 5.personal 6.to deepen/of deepening 7．action 8.attraction 9.selfishness 10.attention
二、 冠词 冠词包括不定冠词a/an，定冠词the和不用冠词的情况(也可称为零冠词)。a/an的基本含义为“一个”，表泛指，the的基本含义是“这个、那个”，表特指。通常第一次出现的可数名词前用a/an修饰，重复出现时用the修饰。 1．不定冠词(a/an)的用法 (1)用于第一次提及的非特指的可数名词前。 She was ready to tell a story when her parents came in.