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第二部分 专题十三 特殊句式 第二部分 一、倒装句的2种类型 类别 倒装条件 倒装方法 典句例示 全部倒装(把全部谓语提到主语之前) 以here，there，out，in，up，down，away等副词开头，谓语动词多为be，come，go等，主语是名词 副词＋谓语＋主语 ①Here are some picture books. ②Out rushed a cat from under the table. 以then，now，thus，such开头，谓语动词多为come，follow，begin，end，be，主语是名词 副词＋谓语＋主语 ①Then came a new difficulty. ②Such was Albert Einstein, a simple but great scientist. 类别 倒装条件 倒装方法 典句例示 部分倒装(助动词/系动词be/情态动词提到主语前) hardly...when，no
sooner...than，not only...but(also)等连接两个分句时，如果hardly，no sooner，not only位于句首，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变 Hardly/No sooner/Not only＋助动词/系动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语其他部分＋when/than/but also＋分句 ①No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher came in. ②Not only was he forced to stay home, but also he had to do his homework. so(such)...that中的so(such)位于句首时 So＋adj./adv.＋系动词/助动词/情态动词＋主语＋谓语其他部分＋that从句 ①So small was the market that I could hardly see it. ②So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood. 类别 倒装条件 倒装方法 典句例示 特别提醒 1.there，here，now，then，up，down，in，away，off，out等副词置于句首，但主语为人称代词时，不用倒装 ①Here you are.②Then he left. ③Away they hurried. 2.only修饰主语置于句首时，不能倒装 Only he knows the secret. 3.若两个主语一致时，则表示同意以上观点，不能倒装，此时so表示“的确如此” —He looks young.—So he does. 4.当前面两件或两件以上的事也适合于另一人或物时，通常用“so it is with...”或“it is the same with...” Tom likes singing, but he doesn't like dancing. So it is with Mary. 5.Neither...，nor...“……不……，……也不……”，连接两个并列分句时，这两个并列分句都用倒装结构 Neither do I know it，nor do I care about it. 二、省略句的5种类型 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 宾语从句 由which，when，where或how引导的宾语从句中与主句重复的主语及谓语可全部或部分省略，只保留一个连接代词或连接副词 He will come back, but he doesn't know when(he will come back)． 引导宾语从句的从属连词that可省略。但及物动词后跟两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个连词that可省略 He told me (that) she was a beautiful girl and that she was clever. I'm afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答语，后面so与not分别等于肯定和否定，宾语从句可省略 —Do you think it will rain? —I hope not (that it will not rain)． 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 定语从句 在限制性定语从句中，关系代词that，which，whom充当宾语，而且前面无介词时可省略。关系代词在从句中作表语时也可省略 He lost the watch (that/which) he bought yesterday. the way，the time后的定语从句，常省略关系词 ①I don't like the way (that/in which) he speaks to others. ②I don't know the time (when) he arrived. 状语 从句 当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it且从句谓语中有be动词时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词 ①Please come here as soon as (it is)possible. ②Though (they were)tired，they went on walking. 虚拟语气 在虚拟条件句中，如含有had，were，should，if可省略，句子要用倒装 Were I (＝If I were) twenty now, I would join the army. 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 动词不定式 不定式符号to的省略 感官动词或使役动词(如feel，see，hear，notice，let，make，have等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略to I heard someone sing in the next room. 在do nothing but，can't help but，why not，would rather...than...；prefer to do ...rather than...等句型中省略to He did nothing but wait all the time. 动词不定式 不定式省略 使用不定式符号to来代替整个不定式，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等后面 I asked him to see the film, but he didn't want to. 在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后面使用不定式符号to来代替整个不定式 —Will you join in the game? —I'd be glad to. 如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been —Are you a sailor? —No, but I used to be. 三、强调的2种类型 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 强调句 It is/was...that/who可以对除谓语以外的成分进行强调。当强调部分为“人”时，可用that或who，其他情况下用that It was him that we met at the school gate. 在强调句中，当强调主语时，其后的谓语动词应和主语在人称和数上保持一致 ①It is White and Betty who often do good deeds for the old lady. ②It is only I who/that am willing to go to see the film. 如果原句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，强调句结构须用：It is...that/who...；如原句的谓语动词是过去时态，则强调句结构须用It was...that/who... ①It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon. ②What is it that you want me to do？ 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 强调句 “not...until...”句型的强调结构为“It is/was not until...that...” It was not until 11 o'clock last night that he went to bed. 强调句型的一般疑问句形式：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分 Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out？ 强调句的特殊疑问句句型为：疑问词＋is/was＋it＋that/who...？ Where was it that you met Jack yesterday？ 谓语动词的强调
do/does/did＋动词原形 Do come here this evening. “never＋助动词do”也常用来表示强调。一般意为“从来没有，绝不” I never did like her，you know. 四、强调句型与3大从句的辨析 类型 区别 典句例示 与主语从句的区别 强调句型去掉It is/was...that...之后，句子结构仍然完整，而主语从句却不能 ①It is there that accidents often happen. (强调句) ②It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (主语从句) 与定语从句的区别 强调句中that没有意义，且不作任何成分，而定语从句中that为关系代词，在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语 ①It is novels that Miss William enjoys reading. (强调句) ②It is a question that needs careful consideration. (定语从句) 与状语从句的区别 强调句型去掉It is/was...that后，结构完整，而It is...when...中，it指代时间 ①It was at six o'clock that I got up today. (强调句) ②It was six o'clock when I got up today. (状语从句) 五、其他重要的特殊句式 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 反意疑问句 陈述部分含有must 当must作“必须”讲时，其反意疑问词用needn't当含有mustn't(不允许、禁止)时，其反意疑问词用must/may ①You must go now, needn't you? ②You mustn't smoke here, must/may you？ 当must表示推测时，其反意疑问词同去掉must还原之后的句子所使用的反意疑问词 ①You must have heard about it, haven't you? ②You must have watched that football match last night，didn't you？ 陈述部分含有used to 其反意疑问词用usedn't或didn't You used to sleep with the windows open, usedn't/didn't you？ 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 反意疑问句 陈述部分含有ought to 其反意疑问词用oughtn't或shouldn't He ought to attend the lecture, oughtn't/shouldn't he？ 陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词 反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式 He could hardly walk without a stick, could he？ 陈述部分含有由表示否定意义的前缀构成的词 其反意疑问部分的动词一般用否定形式 Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesn't he？ 当陈述部分带有宾语从句时 疑问部分的主语与助动词常和主句保持一致，但如果主句的谓语动词是think，believe，suppose，guess，expect，imagine等，且主语为第一人称时，疑问部分的主语和时态与宾语从句的主语和时态保持一致 ①He said that he would come to my birthday party, didn't he? ②I don't believe he will succeed, will he？ 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 祈使句 否定式 在动词前面加don't Don't be so sure. 强调式 肯定句在其前加do，否定句在其前加never ①Do come on time this evening. ②Never come late！ 带有主语的祈使句 为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求、吩咐几个人分头做几件事时须加主语“you”，有时还可同时加称呼语 Tom, you water the flowers! You, girls, clean the desks; you，boys，sweep the floor. 祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句 陈述句往往用一般将来时 ①Work hard and you will succeed. ②More time and I will do it better. 名词短语＋and/or＋陈述句 种类 要点归纳 典句例示 感叹句 How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！ How fast he is running！ How＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！ How difficult a problem it is！ How＋主语＋谓语！ How time flies！ What＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋主语＋谓语！ What a clever boy he is！ What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语！ What sweet water it is！ What＋形容词＋复数名词＋主语＋谓语！ What beautiful flowers these are！ What＋名词＋主语＋谓语！ What news it is！