2017届高考英语复习冲刺阶段经典讲义系列语法突破从句汇总

　　从句可分为定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句，它们是中学阶段的重要语法项目。定语从句是形容词性从句，相当于形容词的用法，其功能是修饰先行词，对其性质、特征进行描述，先行词在定语从句中一般充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语等。状语从句是副词性从句，相当于副词的用法，其功能是在复合句中作状语。根据状语从句的含义，状语从句一般可以充当时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，一般在句子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。三大从句的考查历年都是高考的重点，关联词的选择是高考的主要考点，定语从句中对which的考查，宾语从句中对what和that的考查，让步、时间和条件状语从句的考查是重中之重。

　　一、三大从句的区别

　　三大从句存在一定的关联性，应抓住关键点，确定是何从句。试比较：

　　①It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句)

　　As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.(定语从句)

　　What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.(主语从句与表语从句)

　　②The news (that/which) they won the match is true.(同位语从句)

　　The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定语从句)

　　③This is such a difficult problem as few of us can solve.(定语从句)

　　This is such a difficult problem that few of us can solve it.(结果状语从句)

　　④He has found the book (that/which) he lost.(定语从句)

　　He has found the book where he lost it.(地点状语从句)　高考体验

　　1．(2017·陕西卷)________is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.

　　A．It

　　B．That

　　C．What

　　D．As

　　答案　D　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：对于孩子来说经常会有这样的情况发生，当医生到达时，Amy(比之前)好多了。根据句意并分析句子成分可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代后面整个句子，又因为在句首，所以要用as引导该定语从句，as在从句中作主语。]

　　2．(2017·重庆卷)________struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for

　　his son.

　　A．That

　　B．It

　　C．What

　　D．Which

　　答案　C　[考查主语从句。句意：这部电影最打动我的是父亲对他儿子深深的爱。“________struck me most in the movie”为主语从句，所填词在从句中作主语，表示“什么”，故用what引导。]

　　二、三大从句各自的关联词

　　定语从句的引导词有关系代词和关系副词之分；名词性从句连接词分为连词、连接代词和连接副词。状语从句的连词也有意义和结构之分，因此，选择关联词要综合各方面因素来考虑。注意以下几点：

　　(1)what不能引导定语从句。

　　(2)whether/if不能引导定语从句。

　　(3)that不能引导非限制性定语从句。

　　(4)that既可引导定语从句也可以引导同位语从句，但that在定语从句中可作主语、表语和宾语，而that在同位语从句中不作成分，只起连接作用。

　　(5)which在定语从句中常可以替换that，但在名词性从句中不可以替换。

　　高考体验　1．(2011·陕西卷)________all of them are strong candidates, only one will be chosen for the post.

　　A．Since

　　B．While

　　C．If

　　D．As

　　答案　B　[考查状语从句。句意：虽然他们都是很强的候选人，但是只有一个人能被选来担任这一职务。根据句意应该选B, while 此处意为“虽然” 引导让步状语从句。]

　　2．(2011·上海卷)There is clear evidence ________ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.

　　A．what

　　B．if

　　C．how

　　D．that

　　答案　D　[考查同位语从句。句意：有确凿的证据表明，所有感觉中最难演绎的是身体上的痛苦。分析句子结构可知空格处引导的是evidence的同位语从句，从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。]

　　3．(2010·新课标卷)As a child, Jack studied in a village school，________is named after his grandfather.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．what

　　D．that

　　答案　A　[考查定语从句。题干中先行词的后面有逗号，故后面的定语从句为非限制性定语从句，而定语从句中is前缺少主语，故只能用关系代词which。]

　　三、定语从句中which的考查

　　which既可引导限制性定语从句也可引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，高考中的考查重点是which在非限制性定语从句中的应用。which引导非限制性定语从句时，常代指整个主句。We have launched another man­made satellite, which is announced in today's newspaper. (2017·天津卷)

　　报纸资讯报道说，我们又发射了一颗人造卫星。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·江苏卷)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China，________ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.

　　A．where

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．when

　　答案　B　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，“________he remembers starting as early as his childhood”为定语从句，先行词是passion，且空处在从句中作宾语，因此选which。]

　　2．(2017·安徽卷)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2017，________made one of the Chinese people's long­held dreams come true.

　　A．it

　　B．that

　　C．what

　　D．which

　　答案　D　[考查定语从句。句意：莫言获得了2017年诺贝尔文学奖，这使得中国人民很久以来的一个梦想得以实现。此处为非限制性定语从句，修饰整个主句。it和what不能引导定语从句，可排除；that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。]

　　四、定语从句中where的考查

　　where引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语，主要有以下两种情况：

　　(1)表示具体的地点

　　Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet where life has developed gradually.(2010·福建卷)

　　史蒂芬·霍金认为，地球可能不是唯一有生命进化的行星。

　　(2)表示模糊的地点和抽象意义的地点(常见的先行词有race, job, activity, case, situation, point, position, stage, degree等)

　　They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

　　他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·新课标卷Ⅱ)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________I would

　　be staying.

　　A．what

　　B．when

　　C．where

　　D．which

　　答案　C　[考查定语从句。句意：当我到达时，布莱恩带我去看了我即将居住的房子。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副词where来引导。]

　　2．(2017·江西卷)He wrote a letter ________ he explained what had happened in the accident.

　　A．what

　　B．which

　　C．where

　　D．how

　　答案　C　[考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中他解释了在那起事故中发生了什么。分析句子成分可知，空处引导定语从句，a letter是先行词，且关系词在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。where在这里相当于in which。]

　　五、名词性从句中what的考查

　　what引导名词性从句时表示“所有……的事物、东西，凡是……的事物”，充当从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语。

　　The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of what others actually understand.(what在从句中作宾语)(2011·上海卷)

　　你想用语言所传达的信息可能与他人所理解的恰恰相反。

　　高考体验　1．(2017·新课标卷Ⅰ)Police have found ________ appears to be the lost ancient statue.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．how

　　D．what

　　答案　D　[考查名词性从句。句意：警察找到的东西似乎是那尊丢失的古代雕像。分析句子成分可知，空处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用what。]

　　2．(2017·北京卷)________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.

　　A．That

　　B．What

　　C．Who

　　D．Which

　　答案　B　[考查主语从句。句意：让这本书如此非凡的是作者创造性的想象力。所填词引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，故选B。]

　　六、名词性从句中that的考查

　　that引导名词性从句时，没有词义，不作句子的任何成分，只起连接词的作用。

　　Experts believe that people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary. (2017·北京卷)

　　专家认为可以通过只有需要食物时才购物这一方法减少食物的浪费。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·山东卷)It's good to know ________the dogs will be well cared for while we're away.

　　A．what

　　B．whose

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　答案　D　[考查宾语从句。句意：得知我们离开时狗会得到很好的照顾真高兴。分析句子成分可知，所填词引导宾语从句，而且在从句中不作任何句子成分，故选D。]

　　2．(2017·北京卷)Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expressed it differently.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．that

　　D．whether

　　答案　C　[ 考查宾语从句。句意：Jerry不后悔给出评论，但是觉得自己本来可以用不同的方式来表达。that he could have expressed it differently是由that引导的宾语从句，作felt的宾语。that在从句中不作成分。]

　　七、名词性从句中whether的考查

　　whether为连词，在从句中不作任何成分，意为“是否”， 表示不肯定，不把握，有疑问等意义。

　　It doesn't matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.(2017·山东卷)

　　在这家商店，你是用现金还是信用卡支付都没有关系。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·陕西卷)It remains to be seen ________the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．whether

　　答案　D　[考查主语从句。句意：这个新形成的委员会的政策能否实施还有待观察。分析句子结构可知，It作形式主语，而真正的主语是后面的从句“________the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”；再根据句意来判断，此处表示“是否”的意思。故选D。]

　　2．(2017·安徽卷)The limits of a person's intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but________he reaches these limits will

　　depend on his environment.

　　A．where

　　B．whether

　　C．that

　　D．why

　　答案　B　[考查主语从句的引导词。句意：一个人的智力极限，通常来说，出生时就已经定型了，但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他的生活环境。根据“depend on”可知，主语从句“ ________ he reaches these limits”中含有不确定因素，故用whether，选B。 ]

　　八、让步状语从句

　　让步状语从句的常用连词有 although, though, even if, even though, as(从句需要倒装), while (一般置于句首), no matter ＋疑问词， 疑问词＋ever。

　　While I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A．(2017·湖南卷)

　　尽管我一直觉得自己能通过考试，但是我从未想到会得A。

　　However serious a problem you may have, you should

　　gather your courage to face the challenge.(2010·上海卷)

　　不论你的问题有多严重，你都应该鼓起勇气，接受挑战。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·江苏卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, ________it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.

　　A．whatever

　　B．whoever

　　C．wherever

　　D．whichever

　　答案　C　[考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，“________it is discovered”为状语从句，空处在从句中作地点状语，因此选wherever“无论在哪里”，引导让步状语从句。]

　　2．(2017·四川卷)He is so busy. He cannot afford enough time with his son ________he wants to.

　　A．even if

　　B．as if

　　C．because

　　D．before

　　答案　A　[考查状语从句。句意：他很忙。即使他想陪他的儿子也没有足够的时间。even if引导让步状语从句；as if引导方式状语从句；because引导原因状语从句；before引导时间状语从句。]

　　九、时间状语从句

　　(1)when引导时间状语从句，意为“正在这时”，表示某件事正发生或刚刚发生时，突然发生另一动作：

　　Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(2010·全国卷Ⅱ)

　　汤姆正要关窗户，这时他的注意力被一只鸟吸引住了。

　　One Friday, we were packing to leave for a weekend away when my daughter heard cries for help.(2011·浙江卷)

　　一个星期五，我们正在收拾行李去度周末，这时我的女儿听到求救的呼喊。

　　(2)下列结构表示“一……就……”：

　　as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner ...than ..., hardly/scarcely ...when ...

　　The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming.我一听到那个声音就知道父亲来了。

　　He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.(2011·辽宁卷)

　　＝No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.

　　他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。

　　(3)before

　　①表示“还未……就……；不到……就……；……才……；趁……；还没来得及……就……”。

　　The girl had hardly rung the bell before the door was opened suddenly, and her friend rushed out to greet her.(2010·福建卷)

　　小女孩还没来得及按门铃，门就突然开了，并且她的朋友冲出来问候她。

　　②It will be＋一段时间＋before ...“多久之后才……”。

　　It is＋一段时间＋since ...“自从……多久了”。

　　It will be half a year before I come back.

　　还得再过半年我才能回来。

　　(4) by the time

　　by the time 表示“到……的时候”。当从句是用它引导的时间状语从句时，主句要用完成时。

　　By the time you come back, we'll have finished the job.当你回来的时候，我们将已完成这项工作。

　　He had planted 10 trees by the time we arrived.

　　我们到的时候，他已经种了10棵树了。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·湖南卷)You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason ________you reach any decision.

　　A．although

　　B．before

　　C．because

　　D．unless

　　答案　B　[考查时间状语从句。句意：作任何决定之前你都要顾及自己的情感和理智。此处用before引导时间状语从句。“顾及自己的情感和理智”与“作任何决定”是一种先后关系，前者在后者之前，因此用before。]

　　2．(2011·四川卷)As is reported, it is 100 years________Qinghua University was founded.

　　A．when

　　B．before

　　C．after

　　D．since

　　答案　D　[考查状语从句。since conj. “自……以来，从……以后”，引导时间状语从句。句意：据报道，自清华大学建立以来已有一百年了。It is＋一段时间＋since从句表示“自从……以来已有多长时间了”。]

　　十、条件状语从句

　　条件状语从句的常用连词有if, unless, as/so long as(只要), only if(位于句首主句要倒装), in case, on condition that等。

　　Once they decide which college to go to, students should research the admission procedures.(2010·北京卷)

　　学生一旦决定上哪所大学，他们就应该了解一下入学手续。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·江西卷)She says that she'll have to close the shop ________business improves.

　　A．if

　　B．unless

　　C．after

　　D．when

　　答案　B　[考查状语从句。句意：她说她将不得不关掉商店，除非生意好转。根据句意可知选B项。]

　　2．(2017·重庆卷)________ we have enough evidence, we can't win the case.

　　A．Once

　　B．As long as

　　C．Unless

　　D．Since

　　答案　C　[考查状语从句。句意：除非有足够的证据，否则我们就不能胜诉。unless“除非”；once“一旦”；as long as“只要”；since“既然”。根据句意可知C项正确。]

　　一、“介词＋定语从句”中介词的选择及其后关系词的选择

　　(1)介词后的关系代词主要有which和whom。

　　(2)在“介词＋定语从句”中，介词的选择常常依据下面三点

　　(1)根据语境选介词

　　(2)根据谓语部分的搭配选介词

　　(3)根据先行词选介词

　　①In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.

　　在漆黑的大街上没有一个人能为她提供帮助。(to与从句谓语动词构成搭配turn to“求助于”)

　　②Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(＝ whose price) was very reasonable.

　　最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。

　　高考体验　1．(2011·江西卷)She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ________had taken more

　　than three years.

　　A．for which

　　B．with which

　　C．of which

　　D．to which

　　答案　C　[句意：她带着游客参观这座博物馆——花了三年多才建成的建筑。 the construction of(……的建筑)，which指代 the museum。 ]

　　2．(2009·陕西卷)Gun control is a subject________Americans have argued for a long time.

　　A．of which

　　B．with which

　　C．about which

　　D．into which

　　答案　C　[考查定语从句。argue about sth“对……展开争论”，由此可知C项正确。]

　　二、从句中句子的语序

　　从句一般采用陈述句语序，引导词及其修饰词置于从句句首，但要注意有些时候用倒装。

　　When they will come hasn't been made public.

　　他们什么时候来还没公开。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·新课标卷Ⅰ)“You can't judge a book by its cover，”________．

　　A．as the saying goes old

　　B．goes as the old saying

　　C．as the old saying goes

　　D．goes as old the saying

　　答案　C　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：正如古语所说，“你不能以貌取人”。此处as引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句子。]

　　2．(2011·辽宁卷)No matter how________，it is not necessarily lifeless.

　　A．a desert may be dry

　　B．dry a desert may be

　　C．may a desert be dry

　　D．dry may a desert be

　　答案　B　[考查句子语序。句意：无论沙漠多么干，它并不一定没有生命存在。首先，how 后面紧跟的应是其修饰的形容词dry，故排除A、C两项；此外，此处要用陈述句语序，故B项正确。]

　　一、定语从句与同位语从句的比较

　　判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法，即在名词和从句之间加入一个be动词，如果句子意思成立，则是同位语从句，否则，则是定语从句。试比较：

　　①The notice that meeting had to be put off was true.(同位语从句)

　　②The notice that he read just now was true.(定语从句)

　　高考体验

　　(2017·江苏卷)The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.　A．when

　　B．that

　　C．whether

　　D．how

　　答案　B　[考查同位语从句。分析句子成分可知，“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位语从句，解释说明notice的具体内容，从句句意完整，且不缺少成分，所以用that引导。]

　　二、定语从句与状语从句的比较

　　当涉及“地点”时，判断是定语从句还是状语从句的依据：看句中是否有先行词。试比较：

　　①Let's have a short meeting where we met last time.(地点状语从句，修饰动词have，表示开会的地方)

　　②This is the place where we had a meeting last time.(定语从句，在句中作定语修饰先行词the place)

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·北京卷)Many countries are now setting up national parks ________animals and plants can be protected.

　　A．when

　　B．which

　　C．whose

　　D．where

　　答案　D　[考查定语从句。句意：许多国家现在正在建立国家公园，动植物可以在这里得到保护。where animals and plants can be

　　protected是定语从句，修饰先行词national parks，关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。]

　　2．(2017·天津卷)Everything was placed exactly ________he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.

　　A．while

　　B．when

　　C．where

　　D．though

　　答案　C　[考查状语从句。句意：在毕业典礼上，一切东西都放在他想放的位置。此处where引导地点状语从句。]

　　三、定语从句与并列句的比较

　　区分定语从句与并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和连接词。如果句与句之间有并列连词and，but或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前

　　面内容的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。试比较：

　　①She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.(定语从句)

　　②She brought with her three friends, and none of them I had ever met before.(并列句)

　　高考体验

　　(2017·重庆卷)John invited about 40 people to

　　his wedding, most of ________are family members.

　　A．them

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．whom

　　答案　D　[考查定语从句。句意：约翰邀请了大约四十个人参加他的婚礼，其中大部分是家庭成员。该定语从句的先行词指人，且“most of ________”在从句中充当主语，空处位于介词后，故用关系代词whom引导。]

　　四、定语从句与强调句的区分

　　区分是定语从句还是强调句，看从句中是否缺少句子成分，如果去掉it is/was和that/who，结构仍完整，则为强调句，反之，则为定语从句。试比较：

　　①It was in the hospital that he came across a friend of his.(强调句)

　　②It was the hospital where he came across a friend of his.(定语从句)

　　此外，高考时常将定语从句与省略、强调结合起来在具体语境中进行考查，所以，我们在解题时不能只考虑语法，还应注意实际交际功能。如：

　　—Where did you get to know her?

　　—It was on the farm where we worked.

　　高考体验

　　(2017·重庆卷)It was with the help of the local guide ________the mountain climber was rescued.

　　A．who

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．how

　　答案　B　[考查强调句。句意：在当地导游的帮助下，这个登山运动员才得以获救。强调句的基本结构为：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who ...]

　　五、定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的比较

　　关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中作状语。

　　注意：先行词是地点名词时，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词时，关系词不一定用when；先行词是reason时，关系词不一定用why。试比较：

　　①This is the factory where I worked last year.

　　This is the factory (that/which) I visited last year.

　　②I will never forget the day when I worked with them.

　　I will never forget the day (that/which) I spent with them.

　　③This is the reason why he was absent from school.

　　This is the reason (that/which) he explained for his absence from school.

　　以上例句中visit，spend和explain为及物动词，从句中缺少宾语，故应用that/which引导。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·四川卷)Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment ________they live.

　　A．what

　　B．which

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　答案　D　[考查定语从句。句意：现在人们更加关心他们所居住的环境。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为environment，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where。]

　　2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)That evening，________I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．when

　　答案　B　[考查定语从句。句意：那天晚上，我工作到很晚，我以后会告诉你更多相关的情况。which I will tell you more about later是非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作about的宾语，代指that evening。 ]

　　六、定语从句中as与which的比较

　　(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中间皆可，表示众所周知或意料之中的事；而which引导的非限制性定语从句则只能放在主句之后。

　　(2)当非限制性定语从句的谓语为be announced, be expected, be known, be reported, be said, be shown等被动式谓语时，常用as引导。

　　(3)as表示整个主句内容时，有时含有“正如；正像”等意思，而which无此意。

　　(4)在下列固定结构中，关系代词as代表整个主句所述的内容，一般不用which。例如：

　　as we know

　　众所周知

　　as has been said before

　　如前所述

　　as is often the case

　　情况常常如此

　　试比较：

　　①Li Ming was late for school again, which made Mr. Zhang very angry.

　　②You know, as we expected, Li Ming was late for school again.

　　③As is known to all, China is in the east of Asia.

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·山东卷)There is no simple answer, ________is often the case in science.

　　A．as

　　B．that

　　C．when

　　D．where

　　答案　A　[考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该题为非限制性定语从句，所填词在从句中作主语。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，where和when不能作主语，所以选as。]

　　2．(2011·北京卷)Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, ________， of course, made all the others upset.

　　A．who

　　B．which

　　C．what

　　D．that

　　答案　B　[考查定语从句。which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句部分的内容。]

　　七、定语从句中who, whom与whose的比较

　　who在引导的定语从句中作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语，其中who也可以代替whom作宾语，但who不能位于介词后；who与whom只能指人，whose既可指人又可指物。

　　试比较：

　　①He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.

　　②Do you know the man who(m) Mr. Black talked with just now?

　　Do you know the man with whom Mr. Black talked just now?

　　③We live in the room, whose window faces the south.

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those ________are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A．whom

　　B．who

　　C．what

　　D．which

　　答案　B　[考查定语从句。句意：幸福和成功往往降临到那些善于意识到自己优点的人的身上。先行词是those，关系词在从句中作主语，因此用关系代词who引导定语从句，故答案为B。]

　　2．(2017·天津卷)I wish to thank Professor Smith, without ________help I would never have got this far.

　　A．who

　　B．whose

　　C．whom

　　D．which

　　答案　B　[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。]

　　八、名词性从句中what与that的比较

　　that引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何含义；what引导名词性从句时，在从句中要充当一定的句子成分。试比较：

　　①What

　　he said made me angry.

　　That

　　he said so made me angry.

　　②That

　　we need more time is clear.

　　What we need is more time.

　　高考体验　

　　1．(2017·四川卷)________you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.

　　A．When

　　B．How

　　C．What

　　D．That

　　答案　C　[考查名词性从句。句意：你在会上所说的话描述了公司的光明前景。分析句子结构可知，空处引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故用what。]

　　2．(2017·江西卷)It suddenly occurred to him________ he had left his keys in the office.

　　A．whether

　　B．where

　　C．which

　　D．that

　　答案　D　[考查连词。It occurs/occurred to sb that ...是固定句型，表示“某人突然想起……”。it是形式主语，that引导的从句作真正的主语。]

　　九、名词性从句中whether与if的比较

　　whether和if在宾语从句中可以互换，但介词后一般用whether，在其他情况下用whether而不用if。试比较：

　　①I wonder

　　whether/if you would like to join us in the outing this weekend.

　　②I have no idea

　　whether he will come to help us.

　　③Whether you can come or not makes a difference.

　　高考体验

　　(2017·天津卷)It doesn't matter________ you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.

　　A．whether

　　B．how

　　C．if

　　D．when

　　答案　A　[考查名词性从句。句意：在十字路口无论你向右转还是向左转都没关系，两条路都通向公园。句中的It是形式主语，whether引导主语从句。whether ... or ...意为“是……还是……，不管……还是……”。]

　　十、名词性从句中whichever与whoever及whatever的比较

　　whoever与whatever表泛指，意为“无论谁”，“无论什么”；whichever表示在特定范围内选择，意为“无论……的哪一个、哪一些”。试比较：

　　①We have plenty of books. You may take whichever you like.

　　It's generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants.

　　②Whichever of them gains the most points wins the competition.

　　Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·江苏卷)________one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.

　　A．Whoever

　　B．Whatever

　　C．Whichever

　　D．Wherever

　　答案　C　[考查主语从句。句意：你们中任何一人打破窗户都必须赔偿。根据题干中的one of you可知，此空要用whichever修饰one，指“你们中的任何一个人”。]

　　2．(2017·陕西卷)As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose________ suits you best.

　　A．whatever

　　B．whichever

　　C．whenever

　　D．wherever

　　答案　B　[考查宾语从句。句意：提供给你五门功课，你可以自由选择最适合于你的课程。宾语从句中缺少主语，故排除C、D两项。因为前面已提出有五门课程，是有固定范围的，故用whichever。whatever是没有范围的，不符合题意。]

　　十一、名词性从句中who与whoever的比较

　　who在名词性从句中表示“谁”；whoever相当于anyone who或those who。试比较：

　　①Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

　　②Who broke the glass is still unknown.

　　高考体验

　　(2017·福建卷)We promise ________attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.

　　A．who

　　B．whom

　　C.whoever

　　D．whomever

　　答案　C　[考查连接代词。句意：我们承诺给参加聚会的人一个同电影明星照相的机会。此处考查宾语从句，且从句中缺少主语，故排除B、D两项。whoever 相当于anyone who，强调任何一个人，故选C。]

　　十二、名词性从句中why与because的比较

　　why引导名词性从句时意思是“为什么”，可在从句中作主、宾、表、同位语从句；because意思是“因为”，只引导表语从句。试比较：

　　①He was late. That's because he was stuck in the traffic jam.

　　②He was stuck in the traffic jam. That's why he was late.

　　高考体验

　　(2017·安徽卷)From space, the earth looks blue. This is ________about seventy­one percent of its surface is covered by water.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．because

　　D．whether

　　答案　C　[考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：从太空中看，地球是蓝色的。这是因为它表面约百分之七十一都被水覆盖着。此处考查的是表语从句的引导词，主要涉及because和why引导表语从句时的区别。分析前后两句之间的逻辑关系可知，此处为“前果后因”，应用because，故选C。]

　　十三、as引导的让步状语从句与although引导的让步状语从句的比较

　　although引导让步状语从句句子为正常语序，而as引导让步状语从句用倒装。试比较：

　　①Although he worked hard, he failed in the exam.

　　②Hard as he worked, he failed in the exam.

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·陕西卷)Hot ________the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

　　A．although

　　B．as

　　C．while

　　D．however

　　答案　B　[考查倒装句。句意：尽管夜间的空气很热，但我们睡得很沉，因为长途旅行之后，我们太累了。as引导让步状语从句时，从句用倒装语序，其结构为：名词/形容词/副词/动词＋as＋主语＋谓语动词。although与while也可以引导让步状语从句，但它们不能用倒装语序。]

　　2．(2011·天津卷)________regular exercise is very important, it's never a good idea to exercise too close to bedtime.

　　A．If

　　B．As

　　C．Although

　　D．Unless

　　答案　C　[考查连词。句意：尽管有规律的锻炼是很重要的，但是在临近就寝的时候进行锻炼绝不是一个好主意。根据句意可知，此处是一个让步状语从句，故用 although 引导。]

　　十四、时间状语从句中since与before的比较

　　since引导时间状语从句表示“自从……以来”，主句常用完成时；before表示“在……之前；还未……就……；还未来得及……就……”等，常构成句式：It was not long before ...，It will be some time before ...等。试比较：

　　①He hung up before I could explain what had happened.

　　②It is three years since he came to work in our school.

　　③It will be two weeks before they finish the work.

　　高考体验

　　(2017·陕西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you ________I came back from abroad.

　　A．since

　　B．until

　　C．before

　　D．when

　　答案　A　[考查连词的用法。句意：自从我从国外回来，我就听说了很多关于你的好事。since“自从”，引导时间状语从句，符合语境。]

　　十五、分隔式从句

　　定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时为了行文的需要，先行词与定语从句直接也会被同位语、状语、谓语等成分分开，解决这类题目的关键是把分隔部分去掉，并能够正确查找先行词。同位语从句也有类似情况，且数量更多。

　　I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.(定语从句和先行词被in my school隔开)(2010·湖南卷)

　　我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。

　　When the news came that the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.(同位语从句与中心词news被came隔开)(2011·辽宁卷)

　　当战争的消息传来时，他决定参军。

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·江苏卷)After the flooding, people were suffering in that area，________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.

　　A．which

　　B．who

　　C．where

　　D．what

　　答案　B　[考查定语从句。分析句子成分可知，“________urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive”是定语从句，修饰先行词people，从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词who。]

　　2．(2017·江苏卷)Evidence has been found through years of study ________children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.

　　A．why

　　B．how

　　C．whether

　　D．that

　　答案　D　[考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格后面的部分是解释说明Evidence的内容的，是Evidence的同位语从句，从句中不缺任何成分，故选连词that。]

　　十六、三大从句与并列句的区别

　　有时学生容易混淆定语从句与并列句，以至于无法判断是用人称代词还是关联词，解题的关键是看题干中的横线前有无and。试比较：

　　①They live in a small house, in front of which stands an orange tree.(定语从句)

　　They live in a small house, and in front of it stands an orange tree.(并列句)

　　②The team is made up of 20 scientists, most of whom are from China.(定语从句)

　　The team is made up of 20 scientists, and most of them are from China.(并列句)

　　高考体验

　　1．(2017·浙江卷)The children，________had played the whole day long, were worn out.

　　A．all of what

　　B．all of which

　　C．all of them

　　D．all of whom

　　答案　D　[考查定语从句。句中定语从句的先行词是the children，此处关系词在定语从句中作宾语，故应该用关系代词whom，故选D项。]

　　2．(2017·山东卷)Maria has written two novels, both of________have been made into television series.

　　A．them

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．what

　　答案　C　[考查“介词＋which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句中的先行词是two novels，而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则both前需要有并列连词and或者是独立主格结构(both of them made into ...)。]　1．The Voice of China has set up a stage________some people can achieve their dreams.

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．that

　　D．when

　　答案　B　[句意：《中国好声音》建立了一个舞台，在这里一些人可以实现梦想。此处由where引导定语从句且在从句中作地点状语。]

　　2. ________the city's public school system should be open to the children of migrant workers has become the focus of discussion.

　　A．That

　　B．What

　　C．Whether

　　D．If

　　答案　C　[句意：这个城市的公共教育系统是否应该向打工者的子女开放成为讨论的焦点。此处由whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，if表示“是否”时不能位于句首。]

　　3．—Is the new job a real challenge for him?

　　—Well，________difficulties he meets, I believe he will never lose heart.

　　A．whenever

　　B．however

　　C．whichever

　　D．whatever

　　答案　D　[句意：“这个新工作对他来说是一个挑战吗？”“无论他遇到什么困难，我相信他都不会失去信心。”此处用whatever引导让步状语从句，意为“无论什么”，而whichever意为“无论哪一个”。]

　　4．________， Oscar still thought he had a long way to go in film making industry.

　　A．Try as he might

　　B．As he might try

　　C．Try although he might

　　D．Though might he try

　　答案　A　[句意：无论怎样努力，Oscar仍然认为在电影行业他还有很长的路要走。此处as引导让步状语从句，应用倒装句。]

　　5．The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time________ we meet them again.

　　A．after

　　B．before

　　C．since

　　D．when

　　答案　B　[句意：这方面的研究要花费琼和保罗5个月的时间。要过很长时间我们才能再见到他们。before此处意为：过一段时间之后才……。]

　　6．________is known to all is that the Diaoyu Islands have belonged to China since ancient times.

　　A．As

　　B．It

　　C．What

　　D．That

　　答案　C　[句意：众所周知，钓鱼岛从古至今一直属于中国。本句中________is known to all为主语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，故选what。]

　　7．I can think of many cases ________students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay.

　　A．why

　　B．which

　　C．when

　　D where

　　答案　D　[句意：我能想到很多种情况，学生明显知道很多英语单词和短语，但就是写不出一篇好文章。此处引导词引导定语从句，先行词为case，引导词在从句中表示“在……情况下”，故选where。]

　　8．________ the Internet is of great help, I don't think it's a good idea to spend too much time on it.

　　A．If

　　B．As

　　C．Because

　　D．While

　　答案　D　[句意：尽管因特网很有帮助，但我认为花太多的时间在上面不是一个好的主意。 此处while意为“尽管，虽然”，引导让步状语从句。]

　　9．—Do you think it wise for parents to do everything for their children?

　　—No. That's________they're mistaken.

　　A．whether

　　B．when

　　C．what

　　D．where

　　答案　D　[句意：“你认为父母为孩子们作所有的事情明智吗？”“不，那就是他们的错误所在。”此处由where引导表语从句且在从句中作地点状语。]

　　10．There is no doubt ________those working hard can pass the exam easily.

　　A．whether

　　B．if

　　C．that

　　D．what

　　答案　C　[考查同位语从句。句意：毫无疑问，那些努力工作的人会很容易就通过考试。There is no doubt that ...为固定句式，其中that引导的从句作doubt的同位语。]

　　11．I went to the Lincoln Memorial yesterday，________， not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors from all over the world.

　　A．where

　　B．which

　　C．as

　　D．what

　　答案　B　[句意：昨天我去了林肯纪念馆，不出所料，那里挤满了来自世界各地的游客。此处引导词引导非限制性定语从句且在从句中作主语，应用which。]

　　12．Would you be kind enough to help the boy________Chinese is really hard to learn?

　　A．who

　　B．whose

　　C．for whom

　　D．which

　　C　[句意：你能帮助这个男孩吗？对他来说汉语真的很难学。此处用for whom引导定语从句，表示“对这个男孩来说”。]

　　13．We should always bear in mind________many traffic accidents arise from drunk driving.

　　A．what

　　B．that

　　C．which

　　D．whether

　　答案　B　[句意：我们应该牢记，很多事故都是由酒后驾驶造成的。此处由that引导bear的宾语从句，that在从句中不作成分。]

　　14．The notice says________you are, you must show your tickets to enter the exhibition.

　　A．whoever

　　B．who

　　C．however

　　D．whom

　　答案　A　[句意：告示上说，无论你是谁，都必须出示票之后才能进展览馆。此处whoever相当于no matter who引导让步状语从句，意为“无论谁”。]

　　15．The reason for his absence yesterday was ________he did have something to do.

　　A．what

　　B．that

　　C．why

　　D．because

　　答案　B　[句意：他昨天缺席的原因是他确实有事要做。考查the reason ... was that ...意为“……的原因是……”，注意，前面有reason时，不能用because作表语。]