第一部分 选修六 Unit 4
Ⅰ.阅读理解
(2017·皖南八校第二次联考)
We sometimes think global warming or climate change is a problem very far away from our lives, and that only the government needs to worry about it. But it's hardly possible to completely stay out of it—scientists are now 95 percent sure that humans have been the “dominant cause” of global warming trends since the 1950s.
One of the conclusions of a report released on Sept 27 by the United Nations says that human activities have caused global temperatures to rise by 0.89℃ between 1901 and 2017. That might not seem like a lot, but the truth is that a major part of that heat has been absorbed into the oceans, which is not surprising given that they cover two thirds of Earth's surface. Also, water has a much greater capacity (容量) to absorb heat than the air does, according to The Economist.
While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to keep the Earth warm enough to support life, humans' use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess (多余的) greenhouse gases. According to CNN, by driving cars, using electricity produced by burning coal and oil or heating our homes with coal or natural gas, we release a large amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Your body can barely feel a difference of 0.89℃， but the Earth's ecosystems are so sensitive that even small changes can disturb them. It often starts with the smallest creatures at the bottom of the food chain, eventually affecting bigger animals, many of which could end up becoming extinct.
Global warming is also linked to an increase in extreme weather. A larger amount of carbon dioxide traps more energy inside the atmosphere. This changes the patterns of storms and rainfall in many regions and can lead to droughts and floods. Worse still, melting sea ice in warmer oceans is causing sea levels to rise at a speed of more than three millimeters per year, according to The Guardian, which also increases the risk of flooding.
“The report should serve as another wakeup call that our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come，” French Michel Jarraud, secretarygeneral of the World Meteorological Organization, said at a news conference.
文章大意：全球变暖不是只有政府才关心的事，它与我们每个人都息息相关。
1．The underlined word “dominant” in the first paragraph means “ ________”．
A．common B．indirect
C．secondary
D．leading
答案：D 猜测词义题。画线词所在句意：现在科学家可以95%确定人类是20世纪50年代以来全球变暖的主要原因。所以画线词意为“主要的”。
2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Greenhouse gases have been proven to harm merely the Earth.
B．There is little we can do to prevent global warming.
C．Global warming can increase the chances of droughts and floods.
D．The hugeness of oceans makes them better absorbers of heat than the air.
答案：C 细节理解题。由第五段第三句话“This changes the patterns of storms and rainfall in many regions and can lead to droughts and floods.”可知，C项正确。
3．The rise in global temperatures between 1901 and 2017 ______.
A．is more harmful to smaller creatures than bigger ones
B．is not serious because most of the extra heat has been absorbed by the oceans
C．has made the Earth's ecosystems more sensitive to changes
D．is likely to cause many species to become extinct
答案：D 细节理解题。由第四段最后一句话“It often starts with the smallest creatures at the bottom of the food chain, eventually affecting bigger animals, many of which could end up becoming extinct.”可知，D项正确。
4．What is Michel Jarraud's attitude toward the report released by the UN?
A．Negative.
B．Supportive.
C．Doubtful.
D．Uninterested.
答案：B 推理判断题。由最后一段他所说的话“The report should serve as another wakeup call that our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come”可推知，他认为联合国的报告对我们有提醒作用，所以是支持该报告的。
.完形填空
(2017·南京市、盐城市二模)
Mark Twain said that “habit is habit, and not to be flung(扔) out the window by anyone, but coaxed(劝诱) downstairs a step at a time.” The chances of successfully changing negative behavior __1__
when you make gradual changes that give you time to
__2__
negative patterns for positive ones.
On any given day, countless numbers of us get out of bed and
__3__
to begin to change a given behavior “today”. Whether it be exercising more, drinking less, managing time
__4__
or some other change in a negative behavior, we start out with high
__5__. In a short time, however, a vast majority of people fail and are soon doing __6__ it was they thought they shouldn't be doing.
After considerable research, some researchers believe that behavior changes usually do not __7__ if they start with the change itself. __8__， they believe that we must
__9__
a series of “stages” to adequately prepare ourselves for that
__10__ change. Once you have analyzed all the factors that
__11__
what you do, you must decide which behaviorchange technique will work best for you.
According to the psychologist Albert Ellis, most
__12__
problems and related behaviors arise from irrational(不理性的) statements that people make to
__13__
when events in their lives are different from what they would like them to be. For example, suppose after doing
__14__ on an exam, you say to yourself，“I can't believe I failed that easy exam. I'm so stupid.” By changing this irrational “catastrophic” selftalk into rational,
__15__
statements about what is really going on, you can increase the __16__ that positive behaviors will occur.
Positive selftalk might be
__17__
as follows: “I really didn't study enough for the exam. I just need to prepare for the next __18__.”
Such selftalk will help you to recover quickly from
__19__
and take positive steps to correct the situation. Some other technique like purposefully
__20__ or stopping negative thoughts and refusing to dwell on(沉湎于) negative images can also spare you wasted energy, time and emotional resources and move on to positive changes.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“我们”自身养成的一些坏习惯不是一朝一夕就能改变的。想成功地改掉这些消极的行为就必须给“我们”一些时间用积极的行为来替代消极的行为。
1．A．decline B．remain
C．disappear
D．improve
答案：D 考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“when you make gradual changes that give you time to __2__ negative patterns for positive ones”可知，此处是指成功地改变消极行为的可能性会得到改善。improve意为“改善，提高”，符合语境。故选D项。decline意为“下降”；remain意为“仍然，保持”；disappear意为“消失”，均与语境不符。
2．A．substitute
B．cancel
C．find
D．ignore
答案：A 考查动词辨析。由语境可知，此处指用一些积极的行为来替代一些消极的行为。固定短语：substitute sth.for sth.意为“用……来替代……”，符合语境。故选A项。cancel意为“取消”；find意为“找到，发现”；ignore意为“忽视”，均与语境不符。
3．A．refuse
B．determine
C．hesitate
D．advocate
答案：B 考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“...we start out with high __5__. In a short time, however, a vast majority of people fail...”可知，每天无数人起床之后都下定决心从“今天”开始改变一些行为。determine意为“下决心”，符合语境。故选B项。refuse意为“拒绝”；hesitate意为“犹豫”；advocate意为“提倡”，均与语境不符。
4．A．more
B．better
C．worse
D．less
答案：B 考查副词辨析。根据上文中的“be exercising more，drinking less”(多锻炼，少喝酒)可知，此处指更好地安排时间。better意为“更好地”，符合语境。故选B项。more意为“更多”；worse意为“更糟糕”；less意为“更少”，均与语境不符。
5．A．values
B．requirements
C．expectations
D．levels
答案：C 考查名词辨析。根据下文可知，此处指我们带着高的期望值开始。expectation意为“期待”，符合语境。故选C项。value意为“价值”；requirement意为“要求”；level意为“水平”，均与语境不符。
6A．whichever
B．however
C．wherever
D．whatever
答案：D 考查名词性从句。根据句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，且在从句中作“was”的表语，且没有范围限制，所以使用whatever，意为“无论什么”。故选D项。whichever意为“无论哪个(些)”，有范围限制；however意为“无论怎样”；wherever意为“无论哪里”，均与语境不符。
7．A．succeed
B．fail
C．exist
D．fade
答案：A 考查动词辨析。根据下文可知，文中认为必须要经历一系列的阶段来为最终的改变做好充分准备，因此如果只是改变习惯本身是不会成功的。succeed意为“成功”，符合语境。故选A项。fail意为“失败”；exist意为“存在”；fade意为“凋谢，褪色”，均与语境不符。
8．A．Nevertheless
B．Otherwise
C．Instead
D．Moreover
答案：C 考查副词辨析。根据上文“改变习惯本身是不会成功的”和下文“我们必须要经历一系列的阶段为最终的改变做好充分准备”可知，此处是肯定后者否定前者，instead意为“相反”，符合语境。故选C项。nevertheless意为“然而“；otherwise意为“否则”；moreover意为“而且”，均与语境不符。
9．A．look through
B．break through
C．go through
D．pull through
答案：C 考查动词短语辨析。我们必须要经历一系列的阶段为最终的改变做好充分准备。go
through意为“经历，通过”，符合语境。故选C项。look through意为“浏览，检查”；break through意为“突破”；pull through意为“渡过难关，恢复健康”，均与语境不符。
10．A．initial
B．temporary
C．instant
D．eventual
答案：D 考查形容词辨析。根据上文可知，如果我们要成功地改变这些坏的习惯，就要为最终的变化做好充分的准备。eventual意为“最后的”，符合语境。故选D项。initial意为“最初的”；temporary意为“临时的”；instant意为“立即的”，均与语境不符。
11．A．involve
B．influence
C．explain
D．adjust
答案：B 考查动词辨析。句意为：一旦你已经分析出影响你行为的所有因素，你就必须决定出哪些改变行为的技巧会对你最起作用。influence意为“影响”，符合语境。故选B项。involve意为“包括，涉及”；explain意为“解释”；adjust意为“调整，适应”，均与语境不符。
12．A．emotional
B．physical
C．technical
D．professional
答案：A 考查形容词辨析。根据下文中的“related behaviors arise from irrational(不理性的)statements”可知，此处为情绪上的问题。emotional意为“情绪的”，符合语境。故选A项。physical意为“身体的，物质的”；technical意为“技术的”；professional意为“专业的”，均与语境不符。
13．A．all
B．others
C．someone
D．themselves
答案：D 考查代词辨析。根据前面的主语“people”以及下文中的“in their lives”“what
they would like...”和“you say to yourself”可知，此处用反身代词
themselves。故选D项。
14．A．poorly
B．carefully
C．completely
D．slowly
答案：A 考查副词辨析。根据下文中的“...you say to yourself，‘I can't believe I failed
that easy exam.I'm so stupid.’”可知，此处指如果自己考试考得很糟糕。poorly意为“差劲地，糟糕地，贫乏地”，符合语境。故选A项。carefully意为“小心地”；completely意为“完全地”；slowly意为“慢慢地”，均与语境不符。
15．A．positive
B．ridiculous
C．negative
D．explicit
答案：A 考查形容词辨析。根据下文中的“that positive behaviors will occur”可知，此处应用positive，意为“积极的”，符合语境。故选A项。ridiculous意为“荒谬的”；negative意为“消极的”；explicit意为“清晰的，清楚的”，均与语境不符。
16．A．danger
B．awareness
C．amount
D．probability
答案：D 考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“By changing this irrational‘catastrophic’ selftalk into rational”可知，你可以提高积极的行为发生的可能性。probability意为“可能性”，符合语境。故选D项。danger意为“危险”；awareness意为“意识”；amount意为“量”，均与语境不符。
17A．written
B．phrased
C．listed
D．captioned
答案：B 考查动词辨析。根据下文引号中的内容可知，此处指积极的自我谈话的措辞如下……phrase意为“措辞”，符合语境。故选B项。write意为“写”；list意为“列出”；caption意为“给……加上标题”，均与语境不符。
18．A．research
B．test
C．talk
D．problem
答案：B 考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“I really didn't study enough for the exam.”可知，这次考试准备不足，下一次考试要好好准备。故选B项。
19．A．tiredness
B．habits
C．disappointment
D．burdens
答案：C 考查名词辨析。根据上文中的“I really didn't study enough for the exam.”可知，此处指这次考试没考好而引起的失望。disappointment意为“失望”，符合语境。故选C项。tiredness意为“疲劳”，habit意为“习惯”；burden意为“负担”，均与语境不符。
20．A．recalling
B．starting
C．blocking
D．holding
答案：C 考查动词辨析。根据下文中的“stopping negative thoughts and refusing to dwell
on(沉湎于)negative images”可知，block意为“阻碍”，与句中的“stop”和“refuse”意思相近，符合语境。故选C项。recall意为“回想”；start意为“开始”；hold意为“持有”，均与语境不符。
.语法填空
(2017·海口市调测)
John：I've been noticing recently quite a lot of black smoke coming out of the chimneys of that factory near our school. __1__ really pollutes the air here.
Mary：Yes. But I heard recently that the __2__(own) of the factory have promised to take measures to reduce their factory's pollution.
John：I hope they will keep their promise.
Mary：I think they will. I've been told that
__3__ special machine is supposed to be fixed by the end of this year. It's said that the machine can clean the dust out of the smoke
__4__ it goes into the air.
John：That's good. Dust is really __5__(harm) to our lungs. I know that because my family lives near a steel factory with a chimney constantly __6__(pour) out black smoke.
Mary：Oh, you live near the steel factory? Is it true that we shouldn't eat the fish from the lake
near the steel factory?
John：Yes, that's true—the lake
__7__(pollute) by waste from the steel factory.
Mary：Why don't they do anything to clean up the pollution?
John：They always promise, __8__ they never act. A bit of action is
__9__
we need.
Mary：You're quite __10__.
文章大意：本文是一篇情景对话，讨论了工厂污染环境的问题。
答案：
1．It/That 考查代词。此处指上句话提到的这家工厂严重污染空气，故可以填It/That，指代上文出现的名词。注意首字母要大写。
2．owners 考查名词。根据句子结构和句意可知，此处是“主人”的意思；同时根据题干中谓语动词“have promised”可知，应该用复数，故填owners。
3．a 考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处是表示“一种”的意思。故填a。
4．before 考查连词。根据题干结构可知，此处需要用连词来连接两句话，同时根据空格前后句意可知，所缺词意为“在……之前”。故填before。
5．harmful 考查形容词。根据题干结构可知，所填词应是形容词，故填harmful。be harmful to意为“对……有害”。
6．pouring 考查非谓语动词。根据题干中“with”可知，所填词在句中作宾补，而且与宾语之间是主动关系，强调动作正在发生。故填pouring。
7．has been polluted 考查动词的时态和语态。根据题干大意可知，此处指被动，而且强调对现在的影响。故填has been polluted。
8．but 考查连词。前后两句话之间是明显的转折关系。故填but，指他们总是承诺，但从不行动。
9．what/all 考查表语从句或定语从句。根据题干结构可知，本句话是一个表语从句，从句中缺少“need”的宾语，意为“……的东西”，故填what。同时what引导的名词性从句常可以转换为“all that”结构的定语从句。因为在本句中先行词在从句中作宾语，所以关系代词that可以省去。
10．right/correct 考查形容词。此处是表示同意对方所说的，意为“对的，正确的”，故填right/correct。