福建省光泽第一中学2017高中英语教师论文 浅谈高中英语阅读课语篇整体教学的常用方法
“阅读是理解和吸收书面信息的手段。”阅读的目的是为了获取信息。因此阅读的过程实质上就是获取信息的过程；而信息多少的获得，又关键在于教师如何引导学生进行阅读。
过去我们对阅读是交际活动这个概念认识不够，因而在课文教学中重语言形式，轻语言内容。一般对课文的内容只轻描淡写地提出几个问题，而把大量的时间花费在词汇、语法知识的讲解上。那样做不仅使有血有肉的课文成了枯涩的条条款款，以致学生失去了阅读英语文章的兴趣；更重要的是，把阅读活动变成了文字符号与其认知意义之间的验证活动，不存在信息交流，从而割断了阅读与听、说、写等交际形式的天然联系，孤立地进行文字连接，谈不上交际，也很难培养阅读能力。所以，阅读课教学的目的是为了培养阅读能力而不是仅仅为了教授语法和词汇。我们应该通过阅读课的教学锻炼学生猎取信息的能力，使他们在书面交际中增强识记、理解词汇的能力，猜测、判断语义的能力，分析篇章结构的能力。阅读过程中也学习语音、语法等基础知识，但学习这些内容的目的是为了学生理解文章的思想内容服务的，而且它们在被运用中可得到自然地巩固、加深和发展。反之，如果我们把语言基础知识从它的载体（文章的思想内容）上剥离下来，孤立地教学一个个语言点，所理解到的知识便会成为无本之木、无源之水。这无助于提高学生的阅读兴趣，无助于学生语言运用能力的提高，无助于阅读技能和习惯的培养。
因此阅读课的教学过程应该以语篇为基础，由整体到局部，再由局部到整体，即按“整体、局部、整体”的方法指导学生进行整体阅读和训练。
语篇教学是阅读教学的关键和目标。英语语篇按文体（genre）分为记叙文（narrative） 、 描述文（description）、政论文（argumentation）、释义文（exposition）等。这些文体又分别应用于日常生活、人物传记、国内外风土人情、故事传说、社会文化、政治经济、史地科技、自然现象、资讯报道、体育活动、广告说明、书信通知、目录等许多方面的内容。文体多采用叙述、描写、说明、议论及应用文等形式。因此，阅读文语篇教学，根据文体特点来组织、设计教学，优化教学方案，是较好的切入口。目前文献中常见的三种阅读理论模式，是从上至下模式、反应——补偿模式。这种模式和框架显得太宽泛，不易在教学中把握，笔者在教学中将上述模式灵活运用，结合学生心理特点，文体特点，以及“文化 ”内涵，进行了几种教学法的探索，效果良好。语篇教学法的基本教学原则在于阅读文教学应是课内外创设条 件，让学生自我进行语言习得，和教师主导有机结合，而非传统的紧扣教材教什么内容的问题， 阅读文 中创设条件主要应是课堂训练要有信息差（information gap消除学生对课文理解的不确定性）；训练要准确，又要流畅，难易适度，由易到难激发兴趣；制造让学生出错的问题进行重点讲评，而非每错必纠。
同时笔者有幸参加高考复习会议，对东方雅思教育中心高歌教授的课文组织结构分析法教学讲座颇有心得体会。其实它是长期以来一直推崇的语篇整体教学法的一个行之有效的手段之一。在今年高三新教材的教学中，我一直采用这种方法应用于阅读课文教学，比较明显的一个效果就是学生能快速达成对篇章的理解，找到文章的信息所在。一旦形成这样分析文章的习惯，在高考阅读理解中，就能犹鱼得水，得心应手，大量节省阅读的时间，提高阅读效率。
经过长期的新旧教材的使用，我在平时的教学过程中总结出如下一些常用的方法：
（一）文章主旨教学法：文章的主旨大意就是对文章中心思想的理解。文章的教材、取材都依据文章中心。因此，我们可以抓中心、析标题进行阅读教学，让学生从整体上纵观全文结构和内容。同时，也可以让学生的思 维发散，真正在阅读教学中既能放开又能收笼，既抓大又放小。
着手的主要内容：
①main idea ②title ③topic sentence
文章无定式。但文章有章法。英语文章尤为明显。其常见的写作模式：
模式1、Introduction (present situation)
Background information
Topic sentence......
Body ....................
supporting detail
short summary
(Prediction) Opinion
Conclusion suggestion solution
recommendation (call for action)
模式2、
Topic sentence......
Introduction ......supporting detail
......thesis statement
Topic sentence(Major point one)
......supporting detail
Body Topic sentence(Major point two
......supporting detail
Conclusion short summary
模式3 General introductory remarks
Introduction narrow controlling idea
Topic sentence............
.............supporting detail
(examples、reasons、arguments)
......concluding remarks
Conclusion Restatement of controlling idea
我让学生快速找到每一段的大意（general idea for each paragraph ），在这一过程中学生肯定有困难，尤其对于基础较差的学生而言。那么在这一过程中要充分发挥教师的导学功能，引导学生如何去发现和挖掘该段落中的关键词，关键句。如第一段中的两个观点，两个设问对学生的帮助就显而易见。
Learning a language is obviously more than just memorizing words , phrases and structures , 观点1when we learnt our mother tongue, we did not receive much formal instruction指导 . Few parents give language lessons to their children ! Instead we learnt or acquired 已获得的our mother tongue by communicating with the people around us .观点2 But how was it possible for us to learn all the sounds. Words , grammar rules and structures through this communication ?（设问1） And , perhaps most puzzling of all , how were we able to make sense of what we heard and distinguish the mistakes and errors from “good” language ?（设问2）
如第二段中的some believe that / others think that , 以及后面的观点，举例。在发挥教师的引导功能有基础上，学生就能容易总结出该段落的大意了。
Language experts have different answers . Some believe that
1。 we equipped with a special ability to learn language and that our brain adjusts使适合,调整 itself to the language we hear around us . Others think that 2。 we learn language in the same way we learn other things ,such as walking or solving problems , and that
3。what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt , not a language-specific part of the brain . Regardless （不管,不顾）， of their theories , these language experts do agree that（ 观点）life is a very successful language school : virtually（in fact） everyone learns to use a language and has mastered the basics by the age of five .（举例，说明）
当然在这一过程中，由于有的文章，有的段落主题句比较明显就不必要这么分析了。如该文的第四段就属于这种情况。通过该段落的组织结构一目了然。
Then why are some people better at learning a foreign language than others? Research has shown that successful language learners do share quite a few characteristics . The data （数据，资料）suggests that what successful language learners have in common is
, among other things , that 1.they are interested in understanding their own thinking, 2.curious about the world,
3. willing to take chances and 4.confident in their ability. Successful language learners 5. also use different ways of learning and
6. plan their studies in order to deal with academic (理论的)challenges。
主题句： “successful language learners do share quite a few characteristics.” 以及原文所标出来的六个 “characteristics”
从平时的教学中，运用此法，让学生不断地感悟文章的篇章结构，学会整体去理解课文，捕捉篇章信息。尤其通过段落的概括，对于阅读理解当中的问题就能迅速知道在哪一段落，在哪一部位。不会满篇文章去找答案。尤其在高考的阅读理解中就能有效节省时间，提高解题的能力和速度。
（二）文章线索教学法：记叙文（narrative ）以记人叙事为主，包括的内容有：个人经历、文学传记、资讯 消息、历史文献及讲述故事的小短文、小说之类。阅读时应抓住几个要素5W＋H（Who、When、 Where、Why、What、How）
以时间顺序（chronological order）展开的阅读文，例如：
Abraham Lincoln（1809、1818、1860、1864、1865）
Karl Marx（1818、1842、1849、1840s、1853、1870s）
Albert Einstein（1879、1893、1896、1905、1921、1933、1955）
Martin Luther King：（1929、1948、1951、1964、1965、1968）
阅读以事件发生顺序安排的文章：
How a Newspaper is produced 的线索：
The chief editor holds a meeting →journalists interview people and write stories → photographers take photos →photographs are quickly developed →Editors check there ports →Editors write the headlines →The newspapers are printed→the newspapers are delivered by train and truck
例如阅读下列文章
Abraham Lincoln was a strong man, both physically and mentally, He was 1.9 meters. He was thin weighed 81 kilos. He was physically powerful and he could lift 180 kilos easily. his mind and body worked steadily ,and he never seemed to tire mentally or physically. He was very plain looking and plain acting. Although his physical appearance and dress made him common
looking ,his actions and decisions were anything but common.
作者在这段不仅从外部特征写出林肯体魄强壮，而且通过细节描写，深入到内心世界， 进行表现其坚定的 性格。 教学中可抓住：strong powerful、steadily、plain looking and plain acting common looking
集中表现出perseverance of Abraham Lincoln' s character。
（三）文章要点摘录教学法：让学习进行NOTE—MAKING，抓细节，深入理解全文内容。这一点体会比较深的是在旧教材课文后面有一个很好的这样的练习 尤其对培养学生的自学能力能起到很好的引导作用。
阅读SBI（上）Lesson 2 American English item American English British English words expressions meaning
阅读：SBⅡ（上）Lesson 2 Walt Disney:
please write notes about Walt Disney’s life
Born: Cartoon characters:
Died: Became well-known:
Wish: Successes:
Work:
阅读：Albert Einstein
(1) Name: Albert Einstein Born:
Died: Studied:
Worked: Doctors degree received:
Scientific research: Interests:
What he got for his new discovers:
Moved to the USA:
(2)Reference:
①himself: ②it: ③there: ④that:
⑤where: ⑥one: ⑦which: ⑧which:
（四）段落提问教学法：这是将整体教学法细化到段落和章节中。
1、关于主旨题的提问形式常见的有：
①The main idea of this text may be…….
②This article is mainly about…….
③The author's purpose in writing this text…….
④Which of the following is the best title for the passage.
⑤Which statement best expresses the main idea of the paragraph.
2、关于some details：
①who、where、when、what、why、how
②According to the passage which of the following is NOT a statement.
③In the paragraph the word "they"(it 、 which 、 oneself)refers to……
④Choose the right order of the events given in the passage.
⑤Which of the following is NOT true?
3、推断型
①the author Implies that …….
②Implied but not stated …….
③the tone of this article is …….
④what are some of the stated details.
⑤It can be inferred from the text that.
⑥The author suggests that …….
4、作者的观点类型的提问形式
①The author believes that …….
②The author think that …….
③According to the author …….
④The author agree with …….
⑤The author gives his opinion that …….
⑥The author's point of view …….
⑦The author holds that …….
⑧The tone of this passage is …….
⑨The author's attitude toward this topic is …….
5、归类型
①We can summarize the main idea that …….
②The conclusion of the text is …….
（五）文章讨论教学法：运用讨论教学的关键在于设疑并且正确引导，让学生分成组块，各自站在不同的立场， 把握观点。这样有利于培养学生的辩证观及自由、大胆运用英语表达自己的看法。同时，又把教学放在英语语言环境中，创设交际表达的情景，从而充分调动了学生的参与性、主动性、创造性。
如高三新教材第八单元所开展的讨论：
How is learning a foreign language different from learning one’s mother tongue ?
English:
1.learn from parents
2.use the language all the time
3.we usually learn it when we are very young 。
Chinese:
1.learn in school from teachers ,friends and books .
2.only use the language in school
3.we usually learn it when we are older
这样通过对课文的讨论，学生对学习英语和汉语的不同方式就一目了然了。
Have a discussion about the purpose of writing this passage
The purpose :
1.To explain the differences between learning one ’s mother tongue and learning a foreign language
2. to describe the study skills and characteristics of successful language learners
3. learning a foreign language is twice as easy if we develop our study skills。
通过对课文的“purpose” 进行讨论，学生对全文的写作意图与目的，就能十分地清楚，同时也能从中获益学会如何去学习英语。
语篇整体教学犹如去欣赏一首完整的歌，欣赏一幅美丽的画。所运用的方法远不止上文所介绍的。不同的文体，具有不同的方法，只有在平时的不断实际操作，才能运用自如。一旦学生熟悉这些阅读方法，对于培养阅读理解能力，一定能起到极大的帮助。