专限时训练(三十一) [阅读填空(一)]
(限时：每篇15分钟)
A
While the debate over school uniforms is complicated, the pros of wearing school uniforms are obvious.
Most teachers and school officials feel that school uniforms make a better student. They believe that the uniforms reduce distractions(分心) and discipline problems. Some students have turned school into an unending fashion show. This distracts from learning as some kids spend more time focusing on their clothes than on homework. Some say that a child in a school uniform is more likely to take school seriously. Putting on the school uniform signals he or she is going to school just like dad dresses up to go to work. Schools report that when students dress in “work clothes” rather than “play clothes” they take a more serious approach to their studies. Some teachers feel wearing a school uniform helps build school spirit. Schools report an increase in school pride after introducing a uniform policy.
they are dressed uniformly. They suggests that if students wore uniforms, their self-image would be based on academic achievements. They also say school uniforms last
B
All of us, at some point, experience nights where we have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults have bits of mild sleeplessness or insomnia (失眠), while one in ten suffer from chronic (长期的) insomnia.
Sleeplessness can be caused by many different things. Most people experience sleeplessness for an outside stimulus (刺激) such as stress, improper diet or a poor sleeping environment. Once the stimulus passes, the ability to sleep will usually return. Chronic sleeplessness may be caused by ongoing health concerns such as the physical pain of arthritis (关节炎) or the emotional pain of anxiety and depression.
Those that suffer from sleepless nights may find themselves feeling sleepy or tired during the day. The ability to concentrate or focus on a task reduces and they are less mentally alert. Because the body needs sleep to support a healthy immune system, those who have little sleep may be more affected by both acute and chronic illnesses like high blood pressure and diabetes.
Sleeplessness not only has effects on your physical self but also your emotional wellbeing. Being unable to sleep well for a few nights may only produce anger. However, if sleeplessness becomes chronic, the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety, depression and possibly substance abuse. Those with chronic sleeplessness may turn to controlled substances like sleeping pills and alcohol to help them have a good night’s sleep.
There are numerous ways for mild sleeplessness at home. Prepare your body for sleep by avoiding drinks such as tea or coffee before bed. Don’t exercise too much before bedtime; instead, do something to relax yourself. Finally, create a favorable sleeping environment by removing stimulants from your bedroom like extra lighting or a television. If you still cannot find relief, it may be time to visit your physician for help.
C
Air pollution refers to the introduction of some harmful gases and particulate matter(颗粒物质) in the Earth’s atmosphere which in turn results in pollution of air that the various forms of life require for various life processes. There exist natural causes of air pollution such as volcanic eruptions, wildfires, etc. as well as human causes such as vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, etc. Over the last few decades, the air pollution caused by humans has become a lot more serious and common than natural air pollution.
Air pollution affects all forms of life including humans, plants and animals on the planet. Along with humans, animals are dependent on oxygen in the air. When polluted air is inhaled(吸入) for breathing oxygen, several harmful gases are also inhaled along with this lifesaving gas. These harmful gases are believed to affect animals in the same manner in which they affect humans. Experts also suggest that the particulate matter the animals inhale over a long period can gather in their tissues and cause damage to their organs in the long run. In addition to inhaling the harmful contaminants(污染物) directly, animals can also come in contact with these contaminants from the food they eat and absorb them through their skin. Some studies do show that the effects of air pollution on animal species are much more serious than they are on us humans.
The rapid rate at which air pollution is occurring is not even giving the animals a chance to adapt to the changes in the environment. In the long term, these effects are likely to result in extinction(灭绝) of species, which will indirectly add to our danger because we along with all these animals form the ecological environment where all species depend on each other. Therefore, all of us are supposed to make an effort to reduce air pollution.
D
Hair is one of the commonest parts of the body and something that is given a lot of attention. You’ve had it since birth and you take care of it every day. But how much do you know about your hair?
The average head of hair is made up of 120,000 strands(根), each of which has a life expectancy of about three years. While some hairs are growing, others are resting, and others are falling out.
A hair is made up of two parts: the shaft(发丝)and the root. The shaft is a visible(or: seen) part. It has a complex structure. The root is the living part of the hair. It is here that cells develop and form the shaft. It also has a very complex structure.
Every day a normal head of about 120,000 hairs will lose between 50 and 100 hairs—or 30,000 hairs per year. Hair dies, falls out, and grows again. The life cycle is made up of three stages. First, a long and active growth period that lasts about three years—the hair grows. Second, a very short transition(过渡)period that lasts about three weeks, during which time the hair is inactive—the hair follicle shrinks. Third, a resting period of about three months—at the end of this period the hair is pushed out and lost. This cycle runs constantly throughout life.
A hair grows from 1 to 1.5 cm each month and its usual life expectancy is about three years. So very long hair is rarely seen. However, there are some people who do grow long hair.
The most common form of hair loss does not come from disease. In fact we can almost say it is a secondary sexual characteristic. It is called androgenetic alopecia (also known as pattern baldness) and results from a combination of genetic and hormonal(荷尔蒙的) factors.
There are two sorts of melanin(黑色素)present in all types of hair, in different proportions. These make it possible to obtain all the different shades of color—blonde(or golden), brown or red.
专题限时训练(三十二)主干专讲练
作
专限时训练(三十一)
A
1．School Uniform 综合全文内容可判断。
2．Opinions 综合右栏内容可判断。
3．Reducing 根据第二段They believe that the uniforms reduce distractions(分心) and discipline problems.可判断。
4．their studies 根据第二段Schools report that when students dress in “work clothes” rather than “play clothes” they take a more serious approach to their studies.可判断。
5．build school spirit 根据第二段Some teachers feel wearing a school uniform helps build school spirit.可判断。
6．parents 根据第三段To many parents, uniforms are a lessexpensive alternative to shopping at specialty and department stores.可判断。
7．economical 根据第三段They argue that school uniforms are economical, especially compared to designer clothing.可判断。
8．fighting and violence 根据第三段What’s more, school uniforms decrease fighting and violence that arise out of arguments over fashionable clothes.可判断。
9．ease tensions 根据第三段Schools struggling with gang(一帮) problems report that school uniforms help ease tensions.可判断。
10．Conclusion 根据全文最后一句可判断。
B
11．different 根据第一段The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults have bits of mild sleeplessness or insomnia (失眠), while one in ten suffer from chronic (长期的) insomnia.可判断。
12．Causes 根据第二段Sleeplessness can be caused by many different things.可判断。
13．An outside stimulus 根据第二段Most people experience sleeplessness for an outside stimulus (刺激) such as stress, improper diet or a poor sleeping environment.可判断。
14．Physical 根据第四段Sleeplessness not only has effects on your physical self but also your emotional wellbeing.可判断。
15．illnesses 根据第三段…those who have little sleep may be more affected by both acute and chronic illnesses like high blood pressure and diabetes.可判断。
16．Producing anger 根据第四段Being unable to sleep well for a few nights may only produce anger.可判断。
17．depression 根据第四段However, if sleeplessness becomes chronic, the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety, depression and possibly substance abuse.可判断。
18．Solutions 根据第五段There are numerous ways for mild sleeplessness at home.可判断。
19．tea or coffee 根据第五段Prepare your body for sleep by avoiding drinks such as tea or coffee before bed.可判断。
20．relaxing exercises 根据第五段Don’t exercise too much before bedtime; instead, do something to relax yourself.可判断。
C
21．Definition/Meaning/Concept 根据第一段Air pollution refers to the introduction of some harmful gases and particulate matter(颗粒物质) in the Earth’s atmosphere which in turn results in pollution of air…可判断。
22．pollutes air 根据第一段Air pollution refers to the introduction of some harmful gases and particulate matter(颗粒物质) in the Earth’s atmosphere which in turn results in pollution of air…可判断。
23．Causes 根据第一段There exist natural causes of air pollution可判断。
24．Natural 根据第一段There exist natural causes of air pollution可判断。
25．with oxygen 根据第二段When polluted air is inhaled(吸入) for breathing oxygen, several harmful gases are also inhaled along with this lifesaving gas. These harmful gases are believed to affect animals in the same manner in which they affect humans.可判断。
26．damaging their organs 根据第二段Experts also suggest that the particulate matter the animals inhale over a long period can gather in their tissues and cause damage to their organs in the long run.可判断。
27．absorbed by animals 根据第二段animals can also come in contact with these contaminants from the food they eat and absorb them through their skin可判断。
28．no chance 根据第三段The rapid rate at which air pollution is occurring is not even giving the animals a chance to adapt to the changes in the environment.可判断。
29．Conclusion/Suggestion 根据全文最后一句可判断。
30．should make efforts 根据全文最后一句可判断。
D
31．Our hair 本文是介绍头发的文章，如头发的结构，组成和生长周期等，所以此处填写Our hair。
32．Structure
第三段是在介绍头发的结构，它由两部分组成的：一部分是可以看见的shaft，另一部分是root部分。所以填写 Structure。
33．living part 由第三段第四句可知root是living part，所以填写living part。
34．120,000 strands 由第二段第一句可知头发的平均数量是120,000，所以填写120,000 strands。
35．life expectancy 由第二段第一句可知，每根头发的寿命是大约3年，所以填写life expectancy。
36．Growth cycle 由第四段第四、五、六句话可知，头发的生命周期是由三个阶段组成的：第一阶段是一个长而活跃的生长阶段，第二个阶段是非常短的过渡期，第三个阶段是休眠期，所以填写Growth cycle。
37．long and active 由第四段第四句可知第一个阶段是长而活跃的时期，时长大约三年，所以填写long and active。
38．Effect/Result 从表格内容可知，长而活跃期是头发生长期，短暂不活跃期是收缩期，三个月的休眠期是掉头发阶段，生长，收缩和掉头发是每个阶段的结果，所以填写Effect/Result。
39．pattern baldness
由第六段第三句可知androgenetic alopecia就是pattern baldness，所以填写pattern baldness。
40．Cause/Reason 由第六段结尾部分results from a combination of genetic and hormonal(荷尔蒙的)factors，result from后接表示原因的词，可知“a combination of genetic and hormonal factors”是原因，所以填写Cause/Reason。