(5)表示“充满”意思的“be ＋ 过去分词 ＋ with”结构多为系表结构。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。 (6)remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 ＋ 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。 (7)句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。(系表结构) The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常6点关门。(被动语态) 1. The bridge, which ________ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from
B. was dated from
C. dates from
D. dated from 【分析】C 此题容易误选B或D，认为句中用了 1688 这个过去时间，所以应选过去时态，又因为 date from 不用于被动语态，所以只能选D。其实此题的最佳答案应是C，因为 date from 的意思是“自某时起存在至今”(＝have existed since)，它通常用于一般现在时，而不用过去时态(尽管其后接的总是表示过去的时间)，除非所谈论的东西现在已不复存在，如：The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago.(那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。) 注意：与date from同义的 date back to 也有类似用法。 2. — Do you like the material?
— Yes, it ________ very soft.
A. is feeling
B. felt
C. feels
D. is felt 【分析】C 此题容易误选D，想当然地根据“这布料摸起来很柔软”这一句意，认为“布料”应是“被摸”，所以 feel 选用被动语态。其实，此题正确答案为C，因为 feel 在此为连系动词，而所有的连系动词均为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态，尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味。
3. My dictionary________. I have looked for it everywhere but still ________. A. has lost; do not find B. is missing; do not find C. has lost; have not found D. is missing; have not found 【分析】D lose是个及物动词，如果要表示某物丢失了，只能用被动语态。A项与C项使用的都是其主动形式。missing是形容词，其词义是：lost；not to be found(丢失了)，据此，第一空应填入is missing。根据语境，第二空应填入使用现在完成时的否定形式，因为它可以表示目前还未发生的动作。
【分析】C 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 3. As she ________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep.
A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 【分析】B 句中的as ＝ when, while，意为“当……之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行时；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。 4. — He will come tomorrow.
— But I'd rather he ________ the day after tomorrow.
A. will come
B. is coming
C. came
D. had come 【分析】C 此题容易误选A或B，因为上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。但实际上此题的最佳答案是 C，这与 would rather 的用法有关。按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，其谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。
5. Mr. Smith ________ a book about China last year but I don't know whether he has finished it.
A. has written
B. wrote
C. had written
D. was writing 【分析】D 此题应选D，这是由 but I don't know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。 动词的语态
高考湖南卷的单选题中动词的语态必考，而且每年1题，总计1分。
1．在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。
Such a bad habit should be got rid of.
这样的坏习惯应该改掉。
All the important matters have now been attended to.
现在，所有重要的事情都得到了处理。 2．双重被动结构 双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once.
We were asked to discuss the problem at once. The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。(双重被动) 3．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. ⇒The meeting room was filled with smoke.
会议室满是烟。 A cloth covered the table. ⇒The table was covered with a cloth. 桌上盖着一块布。 4．不能变为被动语态的结构 (1)受动词的限制 ①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become, fit (适合), resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。 He lacks selfconfidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。 ②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。 Would you have a cup of tea? 你要喝杯茶吗？ ③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。 Do you get me? 你明白我的意思吗？ How do you take this passage? 这段话你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你50英镑。 (2)受宾语的限制 ①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。 ②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.
看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words.
医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。 注意：动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他把目光集中在那幅油画上。 ⇒His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. ③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值10美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重20公斤。 ④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。 He lives a peaceful life.
他过着宁静的生活。 ⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能转换成被动语态。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态。 He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。 ⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改为被动语态。 The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 5．不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 catch a cold 感冒 eat one's words 食言 lose heart 丧失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼脸 make up one's mind 决心 make bed 铺床 make room for 为……腾出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安静 speak one's mind 表明见解 take place 发生 take one's time 从容不迫 take office 就职 take one's leave 请假 take notes 做笔记 take up arms 拿起武器 take one's place 就位 6．含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。 I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 7．被动语态与系表结构的区别 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词＋用作表语的动词ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。 (1)被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by＋人或by＋抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园的门被那个女孩锁上了。(被动结构) The gate to the garden was locked. 花园的门锁了。(系表结构) The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。(被动结构)
The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。(系表结构) 注意：少数“连系动词be ＋ 用作表语的动词ed形式”也带by短语。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。(被动语态) Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。(系表结构) We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。(被动语态) The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。(系表结构) (2)系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。 The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构) The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。(被动语态) (3)系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。 The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。(系表结构) He was very excited.他很激动。(系表结构) He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。(被动结构) 高效语法复习篇
第6节 动词的时态和语态
动词的时态
高考湖南卷的单选题中动词的时态必考。常考的是5种时态：过去完成时(2017年)，过去进行时(2017年，2017年)，现在完成时(2011年，2017年，2017年)，现在进行时(2011年，2017年)，一般过去时(2011年，2017年)。
1．现在进行时考点 (1)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 (2)表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作，此时，多有表示将来的时间状语。 2．现在完成时考点 (1)for＋时间段， since＋时间点。 Since 1998, everything has changed.
自从1998年以来，一切都变了。 Since he came here, everything has changed.
自从他来到这里，一切都变了。 (2)表示“第几次做某事”与once, twice等连用时。 I have seen the moving film twice. 那部感人的电影我已经看了两次了。
It is the second time that I have seen him.
这是我第二次见到他。 (3)最高级后的定语从句。 She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 她是我见过的最漂亮的女孩。
3．一般将来时考点 (1)总是用在一般现在时的时间状语从句或条件状语从句对应的主句中； If you go there, I will tell you the truth. 如果你去那里，我将告诉你真相。 (2)某些表示位移或短暂性动作的动词，用现在进行时表示将来； (3)“祈使句＋and/or＋句子”，and后的句子总是用一般将来时。 Study hard and you will succeed.
努力学习你就会成功。 Come here early or/otherwise you will miss the train.
早点来，否则你会错过火车。 4．将来完成时考点 (1)常见的时间状语为by the end of this year, by eight o'clock this evening, by March next year以及when引导的时间状语从句。 By the end of next year, we will have learned 200 songs.
到明年年末，我们将会学完200首歌曲。 (2)在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时用现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 孩子们一从学校回来就做家庭作业。 5．一般过去时 (1)一般过去时的常考热点：一般过去时的具体过去时间往往隐含在一组对话或上下文之中。只不过是人往往会通过对话的方式来隐含这个过去的时间。 I went to Beijing to visit the Great Wall in 1989.
1989年我去北京看了长城。 (2)used to do表示过去经常但现在已经不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。 He used to have a walk along the street.
他过去老沿着这条街散步。 I am not used to the food in this city.
我不适应这个城市的食物。 (3)在时间和条件状语从句中，代替将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise. 如果他提了工资，就答应给我买一台电脑。 6．现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 在英语的时态中，过去的就是过去，与现在无任何联系，这时要用一般过去时。但我们说话时常有“借古讽今”之说，可见把过去和现在隔绝是不可能的，英国人就想了一个把过去和现在连在一起的时态——现在完成时，可见这种时态既与过去有关，也必须与现在有联系。现在完成时就是一座“桥”，把现在和过去联系到了一起。 I worked in that company for 5 years, but now I have retired and am living a quiet life.
我以前在那家公司工作过5年，但是现在我退休了，过着安静的生活。 7．过去进行时 (1)在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。 While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. 他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的) He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.
他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行) (2)通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。 误：I was knowing the answer. 正：I knew the answer. 我知道答案。 误：I wasn't understanding him. 正：I didn't understand him. 我不明白他的意思。 8．过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
(1)进行时表某一行为的“片断”，一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。
I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段)
I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”)
(2)一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用
It was raining all night.(优先用was raining，rained 为持续动词，故也可使用)
He was writing a letter the whole afternoon.
(短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时)
(3)while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。
He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down.
(4)while 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。
I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行)
9．过去完成时 (1)能用这种时态的动作肯定发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 They finished earlier than we had expected. 他们完成得比我们想象的要早。 He had known the news before I told him it.
我告诉他消息之前他就已经知道了。 (2)用在hardly/scarcely…when…； no sooner…than…的句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. 他来看我时我刚刚完成工作。 (3)表示“第几次做某事”和“自从……多长时间”，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。 (4)动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于过去完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望，打算和意图”。 I had intended to see you but I was too busy. (也可以是 I intended to have seen you but I was too busy.) 我本想去看你，但我太忙了。 10．过去将来时 (1)一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。 He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们待在一起。 (2)“was/were going to ＋ 动词原形”或“was/were ＋动词不定式的完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。
Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.
上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。(没有去成) (3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。
I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.
我正要动身天突然下雨了。 (4)come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。 He said the train was leaving at six the next morning. 他说火车将于第二天早晨6点离开。 【知识运用】填空题： 1. No sooner ______ he ______ (see) me than he ______ (tell) me the good news. 2. By the end of last year, they ______ ______ (learn)1,000 songs together. 3. I ______ ______ ______ (live) here for 5 years since I ______ (move) here. 4. If you insist on your opinion, I ______ ______ (put) off the meeting. 5. If he ______ ______ (arrive) there on time yesterday, he ______ ______ ______ (catch) the early bus. 答案： 1. had; seen; told 2. had; learnt 3. have; been; living; moved 4. will; put 5. had; arrived; would; have; caught 1. — Jeff, you look so excited today. — Sure I am, I ________ a good job in a big company, you know.
A. offered B. will offer C. have been offered D. was offered
【分析】C 句意：——杰夫，你今天显得好兴奋。——那确实，我在一家大公司谋得了一份好工作。此题中“得到工作在过去，高兴到现在”。 2. Mary ________ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made
B. is making
C. was making
D. makes