2017届高考英语一轮复习基础巩固学案：Unit 4《Perseverance and Success》（重大版必修3）

　　Ⅰ.重点单词识记

　　1．ceremony /serəmənI/ n．典礼

　　2．award /əwɔːd/ vt.颁发，授予

　　3．cure /kjə/ vt./n.治愈；治好

　　4．altogether /ˌːltə′ɡeðə(r)/ adv.完全地

　　5．press /pres/ vt./vi.按，摁；n.按；报道；出版社

　　6．solve/slv/ vt.解决

　　7．point /pInt/ n．道理，观点

　　8．face /feIs/ vt.面对

　　9．fragile /frædʒaIl/ adj.脆弱的，易碎的

　　10．theory /θIərI/ n．理论→theoretical adj.理论的

　　11．apply /əplaI/ vt./vi.应用→applied adj.应用的；实用的

　　12．govern /vn/ vt./vi.统治，控制→government n．政府

　　13．operate /pəreIt/ vt./vi.开动(机器)；操纵；起作用；经营→operator n．操作者；经营者；电话接线员→operation n．手术；操作

　　14．science /saIəns/ n．科学→scientific adj.科学的

　　15．react /rIækt/ vi.反应→reaction n．反应

　　.重点短语识记

　　1．do_research作研究

　　2．hold_the_post_of担任(某职位)

　　3．catch_a_disease生病；得病

　　4．spell_out拼出(某字)

　　5．turn_off关(灯、火等)

　　6．fish_sth.out_(of_sth.)从(某物)中拖出或拉出某物

　　7．pull...out使分离；拔掉某物

　　8．point_to指向……

　　9．pull_off做成某事

　　10．knock_on/at_the_door敲门

　　.经典原句默写与背诵

　　1．Stephen wanted to study mathematics although his father would_have_preferred medicine.

　　他父亲本要他学医学，史蒂芬却想学数学。

　　2．John，rather_than his roommates，is_to_blame.

　　该受责备的是约翰，而不是他的室友。

　　3．She did not know how she was going to make_it and wanted to give up.

　　她不知道如何去完成，想要放弃。

　　4．It_seemed as soon as one problem was solved a new one arose.

　　看起来一个问题解决了，另一个新问题又出现了。

　　1．Her parents’ _reaction to the news was surprisingly calm.(react)

　　2．My feet sank into the soft ground.(soften)

　　3．It has been translated into 60 different languages since then.(translator)

　　4．I know a physicist who loves his work.(physics)

　　5．Strong and weak points are originally different in the way we spend our lives.(differently)

　　6．It’s not a scientific way to test their opinions.(science)

　　1apply vt./vi.涂put or spread sth. onto a surface；应用use；使用；申请make a request；努力学习；涉及concern，relateapply (to sb.) for sth.(向某人)申请某物

　　apply to适合

　　apply sth.to sth.把某物应用(涂抹)于……

　　apply oneself to (＝be applied to)致力于；集中精力于

　　Apply some medicine to his wound.

　　给他的伤口上点药吧。

　　夯实基础

　　(1)Students should be_applied_to_their_study(集中精力于学习)．

　　(2)I want to apply_to_you_for_the_position_(向您申请职位) advertised in yesterday’s newspaper.

　　2cure v. 治愈病人；治好疾病；矫正，改正某人的不良行为；解决问题； n.治疗；疗程

　　cure sb.of...治愈某人的……；矫正某人的……

　　a cure for...针对……的治疗

　　An operation finally cured his shin injury.

　　手术最终治好了他皮肤上的伤。

　　We need to cure our environmental problems.

　　我们需要解决我们的环境问题。

　　词义辨析　cure，treat

　　(1)cure表示“治愈”，宾语既可以是人，也可以是疾病，有时也表示“矫正；革除”。

　　(2)treat表示“治疗”时，多接人作宾语，强调治疗动作，并不说明是否治愈。

　　夯实基础

　　用cure，treat的适当形式填空

　　(1)The doctor was treating the girl who suffered from cancer.

　　(2)Who was it that cured the old professor of his cancer?

　　Ⅰ.单项填空

　　1．Now a lot of new technologies can ________ problems in industry.

　　A．be applied to solve

　　B．be applied to solving

　　C．apply to solve

　　D．apply to solving

　　答案　B

　　解析　考查动词搭配。apply...to...表示“把……应用到……”，其中to为介词。

　　2．He tried every means to ________ his child ________ the bad habit.

　　A．cure；from

　　B．cure；of

　　C．treat；of

　　D．treat；from

　　答案　B

　　解析　cure sb.of...矫正某人的……，治愈某人的……。

　　.汉译英

　　1．因此，为了提高人们保护北极熊的意识，我真诚地申请担任北极熊代言人。(apply)(2011·重庆·书面表达)

　　So，in_order_to_increase_people’s_awareness_of_protecting_polar_bears，I_apply_for_the_spokesman_for_polar_bears_sincerely.

　　2．李悦因她为我们班所做的一切被授予了“每周之星”称号。(award...for)(2010·浙江·书面表达)

　　Li_Yue_has_been_awarded_the_title_of_“Star_Student_of_the_Week”_for_what_she_did_for_our_class.

　　1．Remember to turn_off the lights when you leave.

　　2．He had held_the_post_of president for more than thirty years before his death.

　　3．He shook his head，and pointed_to the gate.

　　4．I had a bad tooth pulled_out yesterday.

　　5．They gave you the money！How did you pull that off?

　　1

　　point to/at指向……

　　point out指出

　　to the point简明恰当，简洁中肯

　　Don’t point to the words while you are reading.

　　读书时不要用手指着字。

　　Mr.Smith pointed out the best beach on the map.

　　史密斯先生在地图上指出了最宜人的沙滩。

　　夯实基础

　　用含有point的短语填空

　　(1)The teacher is pointing_at/to the map on the wall.

　　(2)The needle of a compass points_to the north.

　　(3)Can you point_out the man you suspect?

　　2

　　pull over靠向路边

　　pull up向上拉；名次提前；停车

　　pull through恢复健康；情绪好转

　　He pulled out a mobile phone and made a call.

　　他掏出手机打了个电话。

　　A car pulled up behind me.

　　一辆车停在了我后面。

　　夯实基础

　　用适当的介、副词填空

　　(1)He will pull through his illness soon.

　　(2)The man decided to pull over to see if he could help.

　　(3)I don’t think they are going to pull out_of the deal at the last minute.

　　Ⅰ.单项填空

　　1．I like Mr.Miner’s speech.It was clear and ______ the point.

　　A．at

　　B．on

　　C．to

　　D．of

　　答案　C

　　解析　to the point切中要点，恰到好处。

　　2．In his study，Professor Lei had a lot of difficulties，but he ________ at last.

　　A．pulled out

　　B．pulled over

　　C．pulled up

　　D．pulled through

　　答案　D

　　解析　句意为：在研究方面雷教授遇到了很多困难，但他最终战胜了这些困难。pull out退出；pull over让车；pull up停止；pull through克服，战胜。故选D项。

　　.汉译英

　　每个人都有自己处理它们的办法。(deal with)(2011·安徽·书面表达)

　　Everyone_has_their_own_way_to_deal_with_them.

　　用所给词的适当形式填空

　　(1)Both English and American literature are(be) appealing to her.

　　(2)Many a teacher and student has(have) seen the film.

　　(3)Dr.Smith，together with his children，is(be) to arrive on the evening flight.

　　(4)The writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.

　　(5)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which were(be)saved for other purposes.

　　Stephen Hawking，the most famous theoretical physicist after Albert Einstein，author of A Brief History of Time，was to attend the opening ceremony...继阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦以来最杰出的理论物理学家，《时间简史》的作者斯蒂芬·霍金出席开幕式……

　　be to do有五层意义：

　　(1)表示预定，“打算”，相当于be going to do。

　　(2)表示义务，“应该”，相当于should。

　　(3)表示可能，“会做”，相当于can/could。

　　(4)表示命运，“注定”，通常用于过去时，描述过去的事实。

　　(5)用于if...were to do，虚拟语气。

　　He is to return from Germany tomorrow.

　　他明天将从德国回来。

　　You are to be back by 9 o’clock.

　　你要在9点以前回家。

　　夯实基础

　　一句多译

　　我们下周六将举办运动会。

　　(1)We_are_to_have_a_sports_meet_next_Saturday.(be to do)

　　(2)We_are_going_to_have_a_sports_meet_next_Saturday.(be going to do)

　　Ⅰ.单项填空

　　1．They said good­bye，little knowing that they ________ again.

　　A．were never met

　　B．will never meet

　　C．never met

　　D．were never to meet

　　答案　D

　　解析　表示从过去某一时间来看一定要发生的事用be to do形式，其否定形式为be never to do，其他选项不合题意。

　　2．Such poets as Shakespeare ________ widely read，of whose works，however，some ________ difficult to understand.

　　A．are；are

　　B．is；is

　　C．are；is

　　D．is；are

　　答案　A

　　解析　主句中的主语应为poets，谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A项。

　　.汉译英

　　令我十分担心的是我在整合信息和语言运用方面一直有困难。(主语从句)(2017·山东·写作)

　　What_worries_me_a_lot_is_that_I_am_really_having_trouble_in_collecting_information_and_using_language.

　　1．Grace doesn’t want to move to New York because she thinks if she________there，she wouldn’t be able to see her parents very often.(2017·安徽，31)

　　A．lives

　　B．would live

　　C．has lived

　　D．were to live

　　答案　D

　　解析　句意为：格雷斯不想搬到纽约去，因为她认为，如果她住在那里，她就不能经常看见她的父母了。这是与将来情况相反的虚拟条件句。由主句知此处是对“未来”情况的虚拟。if引导的虚拟条件句中表示与将来的事实相反时可使用过去式、“should＋v.”或“were to＋v.”的形式，故选D项。

　　2．What’s the________，in your opinion，of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself？(2011·江西，31)

　　A．sympathy

　　B．theme

　　C．object

　　D．point

　　答案　D

　　解析　句意为：在你看来，如果他不努力帮助自己，我们帮他又有什么意义呢？the point of doing sth.做某事的意义，为固定结构。

　　3．Parents________much importance to education.They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.(2010·江西，25)

　　A．attach

　　B．pay

　　C．link

　　D．apply

　　答案　A

　　解析　句意为：父母都十分重视教育。他们会竭尽所能给他们的孩子们那种极其贵重的礼物。attach importance (significance，value，weight) to...认为……有重要性(意义、价值、分量)；pay付钱；link...to...把……和……连接在一起；apply...to...把……应用于……。

　　4．The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune________.

　　(2010·大纲全国，32)

　　A．is made

　　B．would make

　　C．was to be made

　　D．had made

　　答案　C

　　解析　句意为：在澳大利亚发现黄金这件事情使成千上万的人相信要发财了。thousands在此处指代成千上万的人，由led的时态可知A项不符合句意；而had made为过去完成时，发生在led动作之前，不符合语境；would make应该为would be made；故只有was to be made正确。

　　5．Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters，________ visit Beijing this summer.(2009·陕西，7)

　　A．is going to

　　B．are going to

　　C．was going to D．were going to

　　答案　A

　　解析　当主语后出现together with/as well as等介词短语时，谓语动词的数与介词短语前的主语保持一致，故可排除B、D两项；根据时间状语this summer可知应用一般将来时态。

　　.单项填空

　　1．Not only John and Tom but also their sister，Mary，________ great interest in the piano lessons.

　　A．take

　　B．takes

　　C．have taken

　　D．had taken

　　答案　B

　　解析　考查主谓一致。not only...but also...连接两个主语时，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则，所以选B。

　　2．Hiring agency nurses from the UK cost the States ________ using local staff last year，the health minister says.

　　A．twice as much as

　　B．as much as twice

　　C．as twice much as

　　D．as much twice as

　　答案　A

　　解析　考查倍数的表示方法。倍数的表示法可用“倍数＋as＋原级＋as”构成。

　　3．Carnivores(肉食动物) are animals ________ main method of getting food is to kill and eat other animals，or to scavenge (以……为食) their dead flesh.

　　A．which

　　B．their

　　C．whom

　　D．whose

　　答案　D

　　解析　考查定语从句。whose引导定语从句并在从句中作定语，修饰method。

　　4．Mr.Smith was having a meeting at that time，otherwise he ________ over to help us.

　　A．would have come

　　B．would come

　　C．had come

　　D．was going to come

　　答案　A

　　解析　考查虚拟语气。此处是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，用would have done。

　　5．________ by the late Nobel prize­winner U．S.economist James Tobin，Ethical Currency said it would voluntarily donate 0.5 percent of all deals to charity.

　　A．Having inspired

　　B．Inspiring

　　C．Inspired

　　D．To be inspired

　　答案　C

　　解析　考查非谓语动词。 inspire(鼓舞)和句子的主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词作状语。

　　6．Instead of flocking into the cities，the peasants ______ villages and townships of a new type in the past few years.

　　A．had built

　　B．was building

　　C．have been building

　　D．built

　　答案　C

　　解析　考查时态。根据时间状语in the past few years可知，动作发生在过去并一直持续到现在，所以用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。

　　7．You ________ take good care of your luggage when you are traveling on a train.

　　A．can

　　B．may

　　C．must D．will

　　答案　C

　　解析　考查情态动词。由句意可知，在火车上照看好自己的行李是“必须的”，所以用must。

　　8．Nowhere else，as his mother told us，________ except the cabin in the backyard.

　　A．did he go

　　B．he did go

　　C．went he

　　D．he went

　　答案　A

　　解析　考查倒装。nowhere等含有否定意义的词位于句首常引起主句的主谓部分倒装。

　　9．His speech is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out ________ he is trying to express.

　　A．that

　　B．how

　　C．who

　　D．what

　　答案　D

　　解析　考查宾语从句。make out后面接宾语从句，从句中express是及物动词，后面需要接宾语意义才完整，故选D项。

　　10．Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ________ in a short period.

　　A．improved

　　B．improving

　　C．to improve

　　D．improve

　　答案　A

　　解析　her written English与improve是被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。

　　.完形填空

　　There are many moments in life when we become angry with others because of something they said or did against us.In fact，those who are easy to get angry are in greater physical __1__ than those who smoke or have high blood pressure.

　　One little boy said about his mother，“When she starts to get angry，you have to look __2__ and serious.Don’t laugh.When mommies are mad，they get madder when you __3__.”

　　The good news is that __4__ getting angry does not seem to be the problem.Well­directed anger can be a helpful __5__.But staying angry is __6__ —to our health and to our relationships.

　　We must have a forgiving heart for our own peace of mind.When we __7__ to forgive，that hatred eats at us little by little until we are consumed by it.We should realize that forgiveness is to our benefit just as much as it is to the one we are __8__.

　　1． A.anger

　　B．appearance

　　C．danger

　　D．difficulty

　　答案　C

　　解析　事实上，那些易怒的人的身体比那些吸烟者或高血压患者更容易陷入危险的状态。anger愤怒；appearance外貌；difficulty困难；danger危险。根据语境可知，答案为C项。

　　2． A.scared

　　B．interested

　　C．puzzled

　　D．surprised

　　答案　A

　　解析　当她生气的时候，你必须表现出害怕和严肃，不能笑，否则她会更生气。scared害怕的；interested有趣的；puzzled迷惑的；surprised吃惊的。根据语境可知，答案为A项。

　　3． A.cry

　　B．escape

　　C．quarrel

　　D．laugh

　　答案　D

　　解析　根据上文内容可知，当妈妈生气的时候，你必须表现出害怕和严肃，不能笑，如果笑的话，她会更生气。故答案为D项。

　　4． A.gradually

　　B．frequently

　　C．simply

　　D．suddenly

　　答案　C

　　解析　单纯地生气似乎不是问题。 gradually逐渐地；frequently频繁地；suddenly突然地；simply简单地，单纯地。根据下文“But staying angry is________—to our health and to our relationships.”可知，C项符合语境。

　　5． A.exercise

　　B．medicine

　　C．habit

　　D．emotion

　　答案　D

　　解析　根据语境可知，被控制好的怒火是一种有益的情绪。故答案为D项。

　　6． A.beneficial

　　B．accessible

　　C．dangerous

　　D．impossible

　　答案　C

　　解析　但是持续生气，对于我们的健康和人际关系都是危险的。beneficial有益的；accessible易接近的；impossible不可能的；dangerous危险的。由上文中的“...can be a helpful________...”及“But”一词可知，C项符合语境。

　　7． A.refuse

　　B．decide

　　C．tend

　　D．attempt

　　答案　A

　　解析　当我们拒绝原谅的时候，愤怒会慢慢吞噬我们，直到我们被仇恨完全淹没。refuse拒绝；decide决定；tend趋于；attempt企图。根据语境可知，A项正确。

　　8． A.hating

　　B．fighting

　　C．forgiving

　　D．helping

　　答案　C

　　解析　我们需要意识到，原谅别人对于被原谅的人和我们自己都有好处。故C项正确。

　　.阅读理解

　　The birth of the car as we know it today took several years and the works and developments of many people.It was not until 1885 that the first car rolled down the streets；however，earlier attempts at steam­powered road vehicles were successful，giving people the idea that cars as we know them today have existed for a lot longer than they have.

　　The first steam­powered vehicle was designed by Nicolas­Joseph Cugnot and constructed by M．Brezin in 1769.Two years later，he designed another，much faster steam­driven engine，which was so fast that it rammed_into a wall，recording the world’s first car accident.These early steam­powered vehicles were so heavy that they were only practical on a perfectly flat surface as strong as iron.The next step towards the development of the car was the invention of the internal combustion engine(内燃机)．Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed the first internal combustion engine in 1807，using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen to generate energy.

　　In 1860，Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir，a Frenchman，built the first successful two­stroke gas driven engine.Two years later，he again built an experimental vehicle by his gas­engine，which ran at a speed of 3km/hour and drove it from Paris to Joinville.After several small changes to Lenoir’s design，in September of 1893，the first gasoline­powered car，built by brothers Charles and Frank Duryear，was ready for road trials.The first run on public roads was made on September 21,1893 in Springfield.When most people think of the first cars on the road，they think Henry Ford，but it was not until 1896 that one of Henry Ford’s cars could be seen on the road.

　　1．According to the passage，the first steam­powered car was built by________.

　　A．Nicolas­Joseph Cugnot

　　B．M.Brezin

　　C．Francois Isaac de Rivaz

　　D．Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir

　　答案　B

　　解析　细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，第一台蒸汽动力车是由M.Brezin制造的，故选B项。Nicolas­Joseph Cugnot是第一台蒸汽动力汽车的设计者，不是制造者。

　　2．What does the underlined phrase “rammed into” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

　　A．Broke into.

　　B．Got into.

　　C．Ran into.

　　D．Turned into.

　　答案　C

　　解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的which was so fast可推知，此处应该指此车速度如此之快以致于撞上一堵墙。ram into在此处表示“撞上”，相当于run into。

　　3．What is the right order of events according to the passage?

　　a．The first gasoline­powered car was built.

　　b．The first internal combustion engine was designed.

　　c．The first steam­powered vehicle was designed.

　　d．The first two­stroke gas driven engine was built.

　　A．a，b，c，d

　　B．c，b，d，a

　　C．a，c，b，d

　　D．b，c，a，d

　　答案　B

　　解析　排列组合题。根据第二段第一句可知，第一台蒸汽动力车设计于1769年；根据第二段最后一句可知，第一台内燃机设计于1807年；根据第三段第一句可知，第一台二冲式燃气机制造于1860年；根据第三段第三句可知，第一台以汽油为动力的汽车制造于1893年。由此可知，B项的顺序正确。

　　4．What is the best title for the passage?

　　A．The History and Development of Cars

　　B．How Have the Cars Changed Our Life?

　　C．How Was the First Car Invented?

　　D．Effects and Functions of Cars

　　答案　A

　　解析　标题归纳题。根据文中提到的各类汽车设计以及制造的年代可知，本文主要介绍了汽车的发展过程及其历史，故A项为最佳标题。

　　.写作素材(关于诺贝尔奖)

　　提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达，并且请使用who/which引导的定语从句。

　　1．每年都会有一些科学家获得诺贝尔奖。

　　Every_year，there_are_some_scientists_won_the_Nobel_Prize.

　　2．昨天，举行了隆重的仪式来颁发诺贝尔医学奖和物理学奖。

　　Yesterday，a_solemn_ceremony_was_held_to_award_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine_and_in_Physics.

　　3．获奖的物理学家发展了爱因斯坦的理论，解释了宇宙的起源问题。

　　The_physicist_who_won_the_prize_developed_the_theory_of_Einstein，which_could_explain_the_origin_of_the_universe.

　　4．获奖的医学家找到了治疗癌症的方法。

　　The_medical_scientist_found_a_cure_for_cancer.

　　5．他们都对人类作出了巨大的贡献。

　　They_both_made_great_contributions_to_man.