第八节 定语从句
(对应学生用书第257页)
考点一 定语从句的基本用法
1．限制性和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用；非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句与先行词之间往往用逗号隔开。
He has two sons who work in the same company. 他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。
(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)
He has two sons，who work in the same company. 他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。
(He has only two sons.)
2．关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，as引导的定语从句
(1)who指人，在定语从句中作主语，有时可作宾语(限制性定语从句中作定语时可省略)。
She is the girl who lives next door.
她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
(2)whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)。
That is the man (whom) I met in Beijing last year. 他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人。
My brother，whom you met the other day, has gone abroad.
前几天你遇见过的我的那个兄弟， 出国了。
(3)whose指人和物，在定语从句中作定语。
She's the student whose handwriting is the best in my class. 她就是我的班里书法最好的学生。
I live in a room whose windows face the south.
我住在一个窗户朝南的屋子里。
(4)that指人和物，不引导非限制性定语从句，在定语从句中作主语、宾语(可省略)和表语。
This is the book (that) I want to read.
这就是我想读的那本书。
(5)which一般指物，在非限制性定语从句中可指前面的整个句子，可作主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)和表语。
I want to buy a dictionary, which is valuable to my learning.
我想买本词典，它对我的学习很有价值。
He was late again，which made the teacher very angry. 他又迟到了，这使得老师很生气。
(6)as指人或物，在非限制性定语从句中可指前面的整个句子，一般作主语、宾语和表语。
As is known to us all，China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是个发展中国家。
3．关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句
(1)when在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the days when we stayed in England.我仍然记得我们在英国的那些日子。
(2)where在定语从句中作地点状语。
This is the place where they used to take a walk. 这就是他们过去经常散步的地方。
(3)why在定语从句中作原因状语。
Do you know the reason why he was absent yesterday? 你知道他昨天缺席的原因吗？
考点二 几组关系词的区别
1．关系代词与关系副词的区别
关系代词与关系副词的区别主要是在定语从句中的不同作用，关系代词在从句中做主、宾、表和定语，而关系副词在从句中作状语。关系副词有时可相当于“介词＋关系代词”。
Do you still remember the days(that/which)we spent in Qingdao?
你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？
Do you still remember the days when(＝in which) we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？
2．that与which的区别
(1)只用that不用which的情况
①先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。
All that can be done has been done.
能做的都已经做了。
②先行词被only，any，few，no，very，little等修饰时。
This is the bus that I am waiting for.
这就是我在等的公交车。
③先行词是形容词最高级或序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时。
This is the last train that will go to Hangzhou.
这是去杭州的最后一趟火车。
④先行词为人、物并用时。
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗？
⑤当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。
Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 上海已不再是过去的那座城市了。
(2)只用which不用that的情况
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
His jokes didn't even raise a smile, which was embarrassing.
听了他讲的笑话都没人笑一下， 真是太尴尬了。
②关系代词前有介词时。
Plants get the nutrition from the soil in which they grow.
植物从它们赖以生存的土壤中吸收养分。
3．as与which的区别
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后。
Success，as is known，is the pursuit of many ambitious people.
成功， 正如人们所知， 是许多有雄心的人的追求。
Tom has made great progress，which made us very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
(2)as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等；which意为“这点”。
John was admitted into the college, as we had expected. 正如我们所料，约翰被这所大学录取了。
The sun gives us light and heat，which is very important to us.
太阳给我们提供光和热，这一点对我们非常重要。
(3)当先行词前有such，the same等修饰时，常用as。
Such advice as he was given has proved almost worthless.
他得到的那点建议结果证明几乎毫无价值。
考点三 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
1．“介词＋关系代词”中介词后的关系代词只能是which或whom。
Do you know the man with whom Mr. Black talked just now?
你认识和布莱克先生刚才谈话的那个人吗？
2．“介词＋关系代词”中介词的确定
(1)与定语从句中的动词构成搭配，但需注意，有些固定短语中的介词不能拆开移到关系代词前。
We can't find the house in which we used to live. 我们找不到过去曾经住过的房子。
This is the person (whom) you are looking for. 这就是你找的那个人。(for不能提前)
(2)与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。
He built a telescope，through which he could study the skies.
他架起一架望远镜，通过它可以研究天空。
(3)当“复合介词短语＋which”引导定语从句时，这种定语从句常与先行词用逗号隔开，从句用倒装语序。
He lives in a big house，in front of which stood a big tree. 他住在一所大房子里，房前有棵大树。
(4)“of＋which/whom”表示所属关系。
He lives in a room of which the windows face south.他住在一所窗子朝南的屋子里。
考点四 定语从句的其他要点
1．关系代词which的特殊用法
有时为了使表达的意思更清楚，可用“which＋名词”引导定语从句。
She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour. 她可能没有赶上火车， 那样再过一个小时她也到不了。
2．当先行词是case，condition，situation，position，point，stage等表示抽象意义的名词时，并在定语从句中做状语时用关系副词where引导定语从句。
They have reached the point where they have to separate from each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
3．“介词＋where”引导的定语从句
有时我们可以见到“介词＋where”引导的定语从句，此时要与“介词＋which”引导的定语从句加以比较。
He hid himself behind the door, from where he saw the man take a photo of something on the desk.他躲在门后面，从那里他看见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西。(from where 指from behind the door而不是from the door)
4．当先行词way意为“方式，方法”且在定语从句中作状语时，引导定语从句的关系词有in which，that或不用任何关系词这三种形式。
I don't like the way (that/in which) he speaks.
我不喜欢他说话的方式。
5．whose和of which/whom引导的定语从句
whose和of which/whom可以相互代替，但顺序不同，whose＋名词＝the＋名词＋of which/whom。
This is the scientist whose name(the name of whom) is known all over the world.
这就是那位世界闻名的科学家。
6．分隔式定语从句
定语从句有时不直接跟在先行词之后，而是中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
There is an expression in her eyes that I can't understand.我不能理解她眼中表达的东西。
7．定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致，试比较。
He is one of the students who have passed the driving test. 他是通过驾照考试的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has passed the driving test.
他是唯一一位通过驾照考试的学生。
(对应学生用书第259页)
Ⅰ.根据句意用适当的关系词填空
1．He flew to Paris two hours ago，________ he would stay for three days.
2．The money with ________ you were to buy dog food is gone.
3．The whole city，75%of ________ factories and buildings were gone，lay in ruins.
4．There are species living in the depths of the oceans of ________ we still know little.
5．My friend showed me round the town，________ was very kind of him.
6．Rock climbing is a breathtaking activity，________ cooperation as well as courage plays all important role.
7．Jack's speech was listened to by a group of five judges, all of ________ agreed that it was the best one this year.
8．Sam remembered several occasions in the past ________ he had experienced a similar feeling.
9．This research has just been cancelled，________ I said earlier.
10．We'll put off the meeting till next week，________ we won't be so busy.
11．He was often late，________ made his teacher very angry.
12．Their daughter came back safe and sound，________ made the couple sigh in relief.
13．My hometown is no longer the same ________ it used to be.
14．Is there anything ________ belongs to you?
15．This is the best hotel in the city ________ I know.
【答案】 1.where 2.which 3.whose 4.which 5.which 6.where 7.whom 8.where 9.as 10.when 11.which 12.which 13.as 14.that 15.that
Ⅱ.用适当的介词＋关系代词完成句子
1．A good advertisement often uses words ________________ people attach positive meanings.
2．Car control is a subject ________________ the citizens in big cities have argued for a long time.
3．My friend offered me many novels，most ________________ I am not familiar with.
4．The star is to be named after Patrick Jenks，________________ it was discovered.
5．In 2017 we moved to New York，________________ my grandparents lived.
6．Mr.White stayed with my father for two months，________________ time he drank all the wine that my father had.
7．The novel，________________ the text is taken，was written by the American novelist William Faulkner.
8．John returned with two laborers，________________ help we finally got the car out of the mud.
9．Bob is in a hopeless situation，________________ we should keep a close eye.
10．Experts believe that language learning is a process ________________ skills are more important than grammatical rules.
11．The man ________________ my English teacher shook hands was from Harvard University.
12．I can't find the gold ring ________________ I spent 100 dollars.
13．Wind power is an ancient source of energy ________________ we may return in the near future.
14．The reason ________________ he was late was that his car broke down on the way.
15．This is the knife ________________ I usually sharpen my pencil.
【答案】 1.to which 2.about which 3.of which 4.by whom 5.in which 6.during which 7.from which
8．with whose 9.on which 10.in which 11.with which
12．on which 13.to which 14.for which 15.with which
Ⅲ.请改正下列句子中的错误，每句一处错误
1．Our company has 2，000 workers，of which two thirds are women.
2．The earthquake about that you were talking sounded frightening.
3．John once talked to his mom about the cities and people who he had visited abroad.
4．He said nothing which made her angry.
5．Which is known to us all，time and tide wait for no man.
6．I prefer to use the same tools which were used in your factory.
7．I will never forget the three years when I spent in the junior middle school.
8．They could spell words in different ways how you might find interesting.
9．It is the place which the old scholar used to translate many literary works.
10．That was the reason that he refused to speak at the meeting.
11．This is the small house less than 15 square meters，under its roof lives a large family of three generations.
12．I，whom am your good friend，will always be with you whatever happens.
13．Is this the horse that you spent five hours drawing it yesterday?
14．It was a meeting that importance I didn't realize at that time.
15．I refused to accept the blame for something what was someone else's fault.
【答案】 1.which→whom 2.that→which 3.who→that 4.which→that 5.Which→As 6.which→as 7.when→that/which 8.how→which/that
9．which→where或which前加in 10.that→why/for which 11.its→whose 12.whom→who 13.去掉it 14.that→whose 15.what→that