动词和动词短语
动词词义辨析
1.(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)The watch was very good, and he ________ 20 percent down for it.
A.paidB.cost
C.bought
D.spent
解析:选A 考查动词辨析。句意:那块表很不错,他以20%的折扣价买下了它。A项表示“支付”,后跟具体的钱数,与for搭配,故选A。B项的主语一般是物;C项后面一般用“商品”作宾语,可排除;D项与后面的介词不搭配,其后应用介词on。
2.(2017·福建高考)Michelle found a job as a high school teacher which ________ spending quite a lot of time with students.
A.enjoys
B.involves
C.practices
D.suggests
解析:选B 考查动词辨析。句意:米歇尔找到了一份高中教师的工作,(这份工作)需要和学生待在一起的时间比较长。involve“包含,需要”,符合句意。enjoy“喜欢”;practice“练习”;suggest“建议”。
3.(2017·湖北高考)According to the law, all foreigners have to ________ with the local police within two weeks of arrival.
A.associate
B.dispute
C.negotiate
D.register
解析:选D 考查动词辨析。句意:按照该法律,所有的外国人在到来的两周内必须在当地警方登记。这里说的是在警方登记,故用register,表示“登记,注册”。associate“使联合,联想”;dispute“争论”;negotiate“协商,谈判”。
4.(2017·江苏高考)—The town is so beautiful! I just love it.
—Me too.The character of the town is well ________.
A.qualified
B.preserved
C.decorated
D.simplified
解析:选B 考查动词辨析。根据题意可知,这个城镇的特色保留得很好,因此选preserved表示“保存,保护”。qualify“使合格,使具备资格”;decorate“装饰”;simplify“使简化”。
动词词义辨析一直都是高考考查的重点,这类题绝大多数情况下所给的四个选项的含义各不相同,没有关联性,此时考查的是对题干和语境的理解。偶尔也考查近义词的辨析。近三年考查到的还有:
①sacrifice (牺牲); substitute (代替); simplify (简化); survive
②conclude; lead; avoid (避免); hold
③persuade(说服); promise; invite; support
④open; narrow; widen; leave
⑤make; turn; take; have
⑥differ; shrink (收缩); fail; decline (下降)
⑦sponsor (赞助); launch (发射); organize; plan
⑧tell; remind (提醒); warn; advise
动词的一词多义和熟词新义
(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)Try not to cough more than you can ________ since it may cause problems to your lungs.
A.check B.allow
C.stop
D.help
解析:选D 考查动词辨析。句意:尽量不要过多咳嗽,因为咳嗽过多可能引发你的肺部问题。not more than one can help意为“能少尽量少”,符合句意。
动词的一词多义或熟词新义是考查的难点,例如上文提到的help,大家都熟悉的意思为“帮助”,但高考考查的是“忍住”。动词的熟词新义请参见本书附录。
1.(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)At the last moment, Tom decided to ________ a new character to make the story seem more likely.
A.put upB.put in
C.put on
D.put off
解析:选B 考查动词短语辨析。句意:在最后的时刻,汤姆决定添加一个新人物,以使故事显得更真实。put up“建造”;put in“添上”;put on“穿上”;put off“推迟”。根据句意可知,应选B项。
2.(2017·新课标全国卷Ⅱ)Would you like to ________ with us to the film tonight?
A.come along
B.come off
C.come across
D.come through
解析:选A 考查动词短语辨析。根据句意“你今晚愿意和我们一起去看电影吗?”可知,此处意为“跟随”。come along“跟着来,跟随”,符合句意。come off“举行,发生,成功”;come across“偶然遇见”;come through“(重病后)康复”。
3.(2017·湖北高考)In much of the animal world, night is the time ________ for sleep —pure and simple.
A.set aside
B.set down
C.set off
D.set up
解析:选A 考查动词短语辨析。句意:在很多动物世界里,夜晚完全是用来睡觉的时间。pure and simple“完全是,不折不扣是”。set aside“留出,拨出(时间等)”,符合句意。set down“写下”;set
off“出发,引起”;set up“建立”。
4.(2017·江苏高考)Team leaders must ensure that all members ________ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes.
A.get over
B.look over
C.take over
D.come over
解析:选A 考查动词短语辨析。句意:团队领导必须确保所有的成员克服他们自然想要避免因犯错而带来的尴尬。get over“克服”,符合句意。look over“检查”;take over“接管”;come over“顺便来访”。
动词短语的辨析是动词考查的重中之重,甚至有些形式上单个动词的辨析也是考查所构成短语的辨析。总的来说,动词短语的辨析可分为三种:一是以动词为主体词的辨析;二是以副词或介词为主体词的辨析;三是无关联的动词短语的辨析。下面就常见的动词短语做如下总结:
一、以动词为主体词的短语
1.break
break away from 脱离
break down
坏掉;分解;垮下来
break out
爆发
break in
打断;闯入
break into
闯入
break through
突破
break up
打碎;分解;分手
Oldfashioned phones matter when wireless networks break down in disasters.(2017·福建高考)
无线网络在灾难中瘫痪的时候,老式电话起到重要作用。
2.bring
bring about
引起,导致
bring down
使降低,使下降
bring in
引进;赚进
bring up
抚养;养育;呕吐
bring out
取出;出版;生产;阐明
Born into a family with three brothers, David was brought up to value the sense of sharing.(2011·福建高考)
因为大卫出生于有三兄弟的家庭,因此养成了分享意识。
3.come
come along
跟随
come out
出现;出版;结果是
come about
发生
come across
偶遇
come to
共计
come up
出现;被提出
come up with
提出
She came across an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.(2011·天津高考)
昨天她在百货商店购物时遇到了一位老朋友。
4.cut
cut in 插嘴
cut off 切断
cut up
切碎
cut down
砍倒,削减
My uncle hasn't been able to quit smoking, but at least he has cut down.(2017·陕西高考)
我叔叔一直没能戒烟,但至少减少了吸烟的量。
5.get
get away
外出度假
get in
收割
get into
进入;养成
get through
完成;通过;解决;接通电话
get over
克服
get across
被理解;使通过
get off
下车/船/马/飞机等
get down to
着手做
get up
起床;起身
Jenny was looking for a seat when, luckily, a man got up and left.(2010·四川高考)
珍妮正在找座位,幸运的是,这时一个人起身离开了。
6.go
go against
违背
go over
预习;复习
go out
外出;熄灭
go without
没有……也行;没有……也可以勉强对付
To get a better grade, you should go over the notes again before the test.(2011·四川高考)
要想取得更好的成绩,你应该在考试前再复习一下笔记。
7. look
look through
浏览;透过……看
look into
调查
look up
向上看;查找
look up to
尊敬;敬仰
look round/around
环顾
I often look up the words I don't know in the dictionary or on the Internet.(2011·四川高考)
我经常在词典或网上查阅不认识的单词。
8. make
make out
辨认出
make up 组成;编造
make up with
弥补
make the best of
充分利用
The school isn't the one I really wanted to go to, but I suppose I'll just have to make the best of it.(2011·浙江高考)
这所学校并不是我真正想去的学校,但既然来了,我还是想充分利用它。
9. put
put in
放进,写进
put away
收起,储存
put out
扑灭;出版;生产
put down 写下,镇压
put off 推迟
put on 穿上;上演
put up
张贴;举起;建造
put forward
提出
Mary is really good at taking notes in class. She can put down almost every word her teacher says.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
玛丽确实很擅长课堂上做笔记,她几乎能把老师讲的每一个单词都记下来。
10.set
set aside
拨出;置于一旁
set up
建立;竖立
set out
着手(做……);出发
set about
着手(做……)
set off 出发,引爆
Traditionally, college students hold a graduation ceremony to encourage themselves before they set off on their life journey.(2017·安徽高考)
传统上,大学生在开始他们的人生旅途之前会举行毕业典礼来鼓励自己。
11.take
take up
开始从事;占据;拿起
take apart
拆卸
take in
欺骗,吸收
take off
起飞;腾飞;脱掉
take on
呈现;雇用
take over
接管
Rod loves taking apart clocks. However, he never manages to put them together again.(2017·辽宁高考)
罗德喜欢拆卸钟表,可是他从未能再组装上过。
12.turn
turn out
结果证明
turn to
求助于;转向
turn in 上交
turn down
拒绝,把音量开小
turn on 打开
turn off
关掉
turn up
出现;把音量开高
turn over
翻开
—You look upset. What's the matter?
—I had my proposal turned down again.(2011·江苏高考)
——你看上去不高兴,怎么了?
——我的建议又被拒绝了。
二、以副词或介词为主体词的短语
13.out
wear out
穿烂;用坏
work out
解出;进展顺利
let out
放出;发出;泄露
leave out
遗漏
figure out
弄清
burst out
爆发
rule out
排除
point out
指出
carry out
贯彻
You can't predict everything. Often things don't work out as you expect.(2011·江西高考)
你不可能预知一切,往往事情并不如你所愿。
14.up
build up
增强
keep up
保持;鼓起
speed up 加速
pick up
拾起;收听/看;用车接送/装运;无意学会
send up
发射
use up
用完
hang up
挂断
end up 结束
split up
分裂;分手
stay up
熬夜
①Walking alone in the dark, the boy whistled to keep up his courage.(2017·湖北高考)
这个男孩独自在黑暗中走着,吹着口哨为自己鼓气。
②It's surprising that your brother picked up Russian so quickly — he hasn't lived there very long.(2017·四川高考)
你弟弟学会俄语那么快真令人惊讶——他并没在那里住多长时间。
15.off
pay off
还清;回报
show off
炫耀
give off
放出
The athlete's years of hard training paid off when she finally won the Olympic gold medal.(2017·安徽高考)
当这名运动员最后获得奥运金牌时,她多年的刻苦训练得到了回报。
三、无关联的动词短语
see to
处理;解决
fight for
为……而战
agree with
同意;适合
do without
没有……也勉强对付
fit in
适合
live up to
达到;不辜负
run away from
逃走;避开
①I'm so glad you've come here to see to this matter in person.(2017·湖北高考)
我很高兴你亲自来这里处理此事。
②You look well. The air and the sea foods in Sanya must agree with you, I suppose.(2010·陕西高考)
你气色很好,我想三亚的空气和海鲜肯定适合你。
1.(2017·济南市一模)—I will have to think about it again.
—If you ________, you may lose the opportunity to compete altogether.
A.hesitate
B.wonder
C.continue
D.fail
解析:选A 句意:“我必须再次好好考虑一下。”“如果你犹豫不决,你可能会失去这个比赛的好机会。”hesitate“犹豫;迟疑”;wonder“想知道”;continue“继续”;fail“失败”。
2.(2017·杭州外国语高中模拟)It has been reported that some government leaders ________ their authority and position to get illegal profits for themselves.
A.overlook
B.employ
C.abandon
D.abuse
解析:选D 句意:据报道,一些政府官员滥用职权非法为自己谋取利益。overlook“俯瞰”;employ“雇用”;abandon“遗弃;抛弃”;abuse“滥用;辱骂”。
3.(2017·山东日照高三检测)Look before you leap! Why not ________ the advantages against the risks before you start?
A.weigh
B.match
C.defend D.fight
解析:选A 考查动词词义辨析。句意:三思而后行,为何不在开始以前权衡一下利弊呢?weigh此处意为“权衡,认真考虑”之意。
4.(2017·山东实验中学高三二模)—What's the matter with John? He has been sitting there for hours.
—A postcard from his father ________ an attack of homesickness in him.
A.took up
B.set off
C.brought in
D.built up
解析:选B 句意:“约翰怎么了?他一直在那儿坐了好几个小时了。”“父亲寄来的明信片使他想家。”take up“拿起;占据;从事”;set off“出发;引起;使爆炸”;bring in“带来;引进”;build up“逐渐建立”。
5.(2017·无锡市高三二模)All her hard work ________ in the end, and she finally passed the exam.
A.paid back
B.paid off
C.brought out D.brought off
解析:选B 句意:所有的努力最终得到了回报,她通过了考试。pay back“归还”;pay off“还清;有回报”;bring out“拿出”;bring off“取消”。
6.(2017·潍坊市高三二模)Robert has rich work experience, so it will ________ for his lack of academic knowledge.
A.pick up
B.take up
C.bring up
D.make up
解析:选D 句意:罗伯特有丰富的工作经验,因此会弥补他学术知识的缺乏。pick up“捡起;接受;偶然学会;情况好转”;take up“拿起;从事;占据”;bring up“抚养;提出;呕吐”;make up for“弥补”。
7.(2017·石家庄高三二模)—Jack, this is the third time that you have been late this week.
—Sorry, sir, but I was ________ for 15 minutes on the way here in the traffic jam.
A.given up
B.put up
C.taken up
D.held up
解析:选D 句意:“杰克,这是你本周第三次迟到了。”“很抱歉,先生,但我在来这里的路上遇到了长达15分钟的堵车。”be held up“受阻”,符合题意。give up“放弃”;put up“举起;张贴;留宿”;take up“拿起;从事;占据”。
8.(2017·山东潍坊高三模拟)The sale of the company's new product is good. It has ________ two million dollars so far.
A.carried on
B.kept up
C.brought in
D.consisted of
解析:选C 考查动词短语辨析。carry on表示“经营,进行,继续开展”;keep up表示“保持,维持,继续,坚持”;bring in表示“带来,引进,挣,赚入”;consist of表示“由……组成,由……构成”。根据题干语境可知,brought in为最佳答案。
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