2017高考英语一轮语法对点讲练：2 定语从句

　　语法对点讲练二　定语从句

　　一、关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句

　　知识点讲解

　　定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词，甚至整个主句是先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导。这些关系词的意义和功能比较如下：

　　类别 引导词 句子成分 指代 例句

　　关

　　系

　　代

　　词 ①who 主、宾、表 人 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

　　②whom 宾、表 人 The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

　　③whose 定、表 所属关系，意为“……的” I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

　　④which 主、宾、表 物或整个句子 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

　　⑤that 主、宾、表 人或物 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises by one million.

　　⑥as 主、宾、表 人、物或整个句子 She is the_same_person as you saw yesterday.

　　关 ⑦when 时间状语 时间 The time when we got together finally came.

　　系

　　副词 ⑧where 地点状语 地点 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

　　⑨why 原因状语 原因 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①～⑨)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·新课标卷Ⅱ)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________ I would be staying.

　　A. what

　　B. when

　　C. where

　　D. which

　　答案　__C__　知识点　__⑧__

　　解析　句意：当我到达后，布莱恩就带着我去看我要住的房子。where引导定语从句，并在句中作地点状语。

　　2．(2017·山东卷)Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__C__　知识点　__④__

　　解析　句意：最终他到达了那个与外面世界完全隔绝的荒僻的小岛。先行词为island且在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词that或which。故选C项。

　　3．(2017·福建卷)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.

　　A. whose

　　B. that

　　C. who

　　D. which

　　答案　__A__　知识点　__③__

　　解析　lives前缺少定语，故用whose引导定语从句。

　　4．(2017·湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A. whom

　　B. who

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　答案　__B__　知识点　__①__

　　解析　先行词those指代人，并且在定语从句中充当主语，故用who引导定语从句。

　　5．(2017·陕西卷)________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.

　　A. It

　　B. That

　　C. What

　　D. As

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：情况常像孩子们一样，医生一来到，艾米的病就好多了。as is often the case“情况常常如此；通常就是这样”。as指代“Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived”这件事，在从句中作主语。

　　6．(2017·重庆卷)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ________ are family members.

　　A. them

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__②__

　　解析　由逗号可知，这是一个非限制性定语从句，不用them和that，先行词是people，用whom不用which。

　　第二组　语法填空(副词、介词＋关系代词)

　　7．(浙江卷)We live in an age ________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

　　答案　when/in_which　知识点　__⑦__

　　解析　句意：在我们生活的这个时代，有更多的信息可以比以往任何时候都更加容易获得。an age为先行词， when/in which引导定语从句，并在从句中作时间状语。

　　8．Maybe the fact that he is two inches shorter than her is the reason ________ she doesn't want to marry him.

　　答案　why/for_which　知识点　__⑨__

　　解析　why/for which引导一个定语从句，修饰先行词the reason。

　　二、关系代词that与which, which与as的用法区别知识点讲解

　　1．that与which

　　(1)只用that的情况：

　　①当先行词既指人又指物时。

　　②先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；先行词本身就是序数词或形容词的最高级时。

　　③当先行词是something, anything, nothing, everything, few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或由every, any, all, no, some, little, few, much等修饰时。

　　④当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句时。

　　⑤当先行词由the last, the only, the just, the very等修饰时。

　　⑥当先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语时。

　　⑦在双重定语从句中，如一个从句用which引导，那么另一个用that。

　　(2)只用which的情况：

　　⑧“介词＋关系代词”修饰的先行词指物时。

　　⑨引导非限制性定语从句，指物或前面整个句子时。

　　⑩先行词本身是that, those时。

　　What's that which flashed in the sky just now?

　　先行词后有插入语时。

　　Here is the CD which, as I have told you, is of great help to you.

　　2．which与as

　　在限制性定语从句中，当先行词前有such, the same或so修饰时，关系代词要用as。

　　在非限制性定语从句中，which引导的从句一般在主句之后，而as引导的从句，可在主句前、主句后，也可插在主句中。

　　在非限制性定语从句中，which通常意为“这；这一点”，as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等，意为“正如；就像”。

　　在否定意义的非限制性定语从句中常用which引导，而不用as引导。

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①～)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·天津卷)We have launched another man­made satellite, ________ is announced in today's newspaper.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__C__　知识点　__⑨__

　　解析　句意：据今天资讯报导，我们又发射了一颗人造卫星。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面一句话且在从句中作主语，故C项正确。

　　2．(2017·安徽高考最后一卷)As a single mother of three children, she has very little time ________ she can spare to develop her own interest.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. what

　　答案　__B__　知识点　__③__

　　解析　先行词time虽然指时间，但其在定语从句中作spare的宾语，所以不用when引导。先行词有little修饰，故引导词用that而不是which。本题选择B项。

　　3．________ is reported in the newspaper, the air pollution in some big cities, such as Beijing and Wuhan, has become more and more serious.

　　A. That

　　B. Which

　　C. As

　　D. What

　　答案　__C__　知识点　____

　　解析　根据句意可知这是一个非限制性定语从句，排除A、D两项。as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句整个句子。位于句尾，且as和which在从句中作主语、宾语、表语，两者可换用。但表示“正如……”意思时，只能用as。并且as可位于句首，句中或句尾， which一般不用于句首。故选C项。

　　4．The recently renovated teaching building, the walls of ________ are painted light brown, is much more beautiful than before.

　　A. that

　　B. it

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__⑧__

　　解析　句意：最近重新装修的教学楼，墙漆成了咖啡色，比以前漂亮多了。the walls of which引导定语从句， which指代先行词teaching building。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　5．This book is written in such easy English ________ beginners can understand.

　　答案　as　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：这本书是用连初学者都能理解的很简单的英语写的。因为先行词前有such修饰，且understand缺少宾语，所以用关系代词as引导定语从句。

　　6．________ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

　　答案　As　知识点　__，__

　　解析　as is mentioned above“正如上面提到的”，是一固定句式， as有“正如”的含义，此时不用which，并且which引导非限制性定语从句对主句整句话作进一步解释时放在句末，不放在句首。

　　7．I must think of a proper gift for her, one ________ won't be expensive but will make her happy.

　　答案　that　知识点　__③__

　　解析　逗号后面用one作a gift的同位语， that引导定语从句，修饰先行词one。

　　8．The findings of the study were quite similar, ________ we hadn't expected.

　　答案　which　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：研究结果十分相似，这是我们没预料到的。which指代主句整句话的意思，引导非限制性定语从句。which在此可意为“这一点”。

　　9．In spite of all ________ has been said, quite a lot of people are still uncertain about the prices of housing in China.

　　答案　that　知识点　__③__

　　解析　句意：不管人们怎么说，相当多的人仍然对中国房价拿不准。因为先行词为不定代词all，因此要用that。

　　三、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句

　　知识点讲解

　　　①“介词＋关系代词”在定语从句中作时间、地点、原因状语，相当于关系副词when, where, why。

　　②“介词＋which”指物，“介词＋whom”指人。

　　③介词前有some, any, none, both, all, few, neither, most等代词或数词时，介词一般用of，表示“所有”关系，或“整体与部分”的关系。

　　④“介词＋关系代词＋定语从句”结构可以转化为“介词＋关系代词＋不定式”结构，这时前后主语必须一致。

　　I have a computer with which to look for much information. (＝... with which I can look for much information.)

　　⑤介词＋whose＋名词。

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①～⑤)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·辽宁卷)He may win the competition, ________ he is likely to get into the national team.

　　A. in which case

　　B. in that case

　　C. in what case

　　D. in whose case

　　答案　__A__　知识点　__①，②__

　　解析　句意：他很可能赢得这场比赛，倘若如此，他很可能进入国家队。此处in which case相当于in this case“倘若如此”，由于此处为复合句，常用前者来引导非限制性定语从句，故A项正确。选项B干扰较大， that引导定语从句时不用于非限制性定语从句，且前不用介词。

　　2．(2017·浙江卷)The children, ________ had played the whole day long, were worn out.

　　A. all of what

　　B. all of which

　　C. all of them

　　D. all of whom

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__②，③__

　　解析　逗号后无连词，不可用A、C项。先行词为children，故D项正确。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　3．In our class there are 46 students, ________ half wear glasses.

　　答案　of_whom　知识点　__②__

　　解析　这是一个“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。表示46个学生当中的一半，应用of whom。

　　4．Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered.

　　答案　in_which　知识点　__①，②__

　　解析　句意：心灵的护理是一个逐渐的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中的那些微小的细节都应加以考虑。先行词是a gradual process, in which相当于in the process。

　　5．He is the murderer ________ arrest a reward was offered by the local government.

　　答案　for_whose　知识点　__⑤__

　　解析　句意：他是那个地方政府悬赏捉拿的杀人犯。for whose引导定语从句， whose在从句中作arrest的定语。

　　四、定语从句的其他事项

　　知识点讲解

　　1．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

　　限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句

　　作用 起限定作用，限制、约束先行词，从句不可省略，否则句意不完整 对整个句子的意义并不重要，即使省略，原句仍然成立

　　结构 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开

　　功能 先行词不可缺少的定语 对先行词或主句作附加说明

　　引导词 作宾语时可省略；可用that；可用who代替whom 作宾语时不可省略；不用that；不用who代替whom

　　翻译 译作先行词的定语 译成并列句

　　2.先行词是way时的定语从句

　　①way作先行词，表示“方法；手段”且在定语从句中作状语时，后面的定语从句用that或in which引导，也可以省略。

　　3．先行词是time时的定语从句

　　②time表示“次数”，用that引导或省略；time表示一段时间，则用when或at/during which引导。

　　③the time, every time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。

　　By the time (when) he was eight, he had learned to drive.

　　4．“介词＋关系代词”定语从句中介词的确定

　　④根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。

　　Water is the natural medium in which fish live.

　　特别提示　

　　⑤对于那些由动词与介词构成的短语动词，通常不宜将它们拆开使用，此时应注意介词的位置应放在动词后。

　　The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.

　　⑥根据与定语从句中形容词的搭配来确定介词。

　　Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.

　　⑦根据与先行词的搭配来确定介词。

　　I know a wood in which you can find roses.(注意搭配in a wood)

　　⑧根据句意来确定介词的使用。

　　This is the book from which I got the story.

　　5．定语从句中的主谓一致

　　⑨定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语时，其后谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。

　　Here's a letter from Mr Brown, who wants to come to Paris.

　　⑩在“one of＋复数名词”结构中，后接定语从句时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但在“the (only) one of＋复数名词”结构中，定语从句谓语动词用单数形式。

　　He is the (only) one of the students who is often late.

　　6．定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句的区别

　　(1)定语从句与时间状语从句

　　when引导定语从句时，从句修饰、限制先行词，跟在先行词后面。

　　Do you know the time when the class is over?

　　when引导时间状语从句时，说明动作发生的时间，可放在主句前。

　　When the class was over, the light went out.

　　(2)定语从句与地点状语从句

　　where引导定语从句时，修饰、限制表地点(或抽象地点)的先行词。

　　This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.

　　where引导地点状语从句，说明动作发生的地点，where前没有表示地点或方位的名词或代词，而是动词。

　　A lot of buildings have been built where there used to be a wasteland.

　　(3)定语从句与结果状语从句

　　关系代词as在从句中充当主语或宾语。

　　This is such a difficult problem as all of us can't work out.

　　引导状语从句的连词that在从句中不作成分。

　　This is such a difficult problem that all of us can't work it out.

　　(4)定语从句与同位语从句

　　引导定语从句的关系代词that在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。

　　The news that they told me made me excited.

　　引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作成分，只起引导作用，that不能省略。

　　The news that our team won made me excited.

　　对点训练

　　完成下列小题，并指出考查上述哪个知识点(①～)

　　第一组　单项填空

　　1．(2017·北京西城区二模)Naturally a smile ________ the eyes participate is extremely communicative.

　　A. to which

　　B. in which

　　C. at which

　　D. with which

　　答案　__B__　知识点　__④__

　　解析　“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句。其中，介词要根据participate in的搭配确定，所以A项正确。

　　2．There are many new central leaders in China, now, ________ many once worked in the western provinces.

　　A. in which

　　B. of whom

　　C. in whom

　　D. for whom

　　答案　__B__　知识点　__⑧__

　　解析　句意：如今在中国出现了许多新的中央领导人，他们中的许多人都曾在西部省份工作过。先行词是人，应用关系代词whom引导定语从句；表所属，应用of。

　　3．The artist ________ the judge gave a prize is the teacher ________ I have been taught painting for two years.

　　A. from whom; by whom

　　B. to whom; who

　　C. from whom; who

　　D. to whom; by whom

　　答案　__D__　知识点　__④，⑦__

　　解析　句意：被评审授奖的那位艺术家是两年来一直教我绘画的老师。第一个定语从句相当于the judge gave a prize to the artist，所以用to whom；第二个定语从句相当于I have been taught painting for two years by the teacher，所以用by whom。

　　4．(2017·北京卷)Many countries are now setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected.

　　A. when

　　B. which

　　C. whose

　　D. where

　　答案　__D__　知识点　____

　　解析　先行词为national parks，在定语从句中充当状语，故用关系副词where连接定语从句。

　　第二组　语法填空

　　5．We've just heard a warning on the radio ________ a typhoon may be on its way.

　　答案　that　知识点　____

　　解析　空后从句的结构完整，且用来说明warning的内容，由此可知选项用于此引导同位语从句的连接词，只有that适合。

　　6．Everything was placed exactly ________ he wanted it for the graduation ceremony.

　　答案　where　知识点　____

　　解析　where引导地点状语从句。

　　7．To my surprise, the young girl laughs the way ________ her mother did at that age.

　　答案　that/in_which　知识点　__①__

　　解析　way表示“方式”，后接定语从句时用that或in which，也可以省略。

　　8．Are we living in an age ________ everyone is encouraged to have their ideas on blogs?

　　答案　when/on_which　知识点　____

　　解析　句意：我们正生活在一个鼓励人人都在博客上表达自己的见解的时代吗？age“时代”，后接when引导的定语从句， when相当于on which。

　　9．The time is not far away ________ modern communication will become widespread in China's vast countryside.

　　答案　when/in_which　知识点　__②，__

　　解析　句意：现代通讯手段遍及中国广大农村的时代为期不远了。when/in which引导定语从句修饰先行词the time。