People who averaged fewer than seven hours of sleep per night in the weeks before being exposed to the cold virus were nearly three times as likely to get sick as those who averaged eight hours or more, a new study found.
Researchers used frequent telephone interviews to track the sleep habits of more than 150 men and women aged 21 to 55 over the last few weeks. Then they exposed the subjects to the virus, quarantined (检疫隔离) them for five days and kept track of who got sick.
Besides sleeping more, sleeping better also seemed to help the body fight illness: Patients who fared better on a measure known as “sleep efficiency”—the percentage of time in bed that you’re actually sleeping—were also less likely to get sick.
The results held true even after researchers adjusted for elements such as body-mass index, age, sex, smoking and pre-existing antibodies (抗体) to the virus.
The researchers aren’t exactly sure why sleeping better makes you less likely to develop a cold. But they do try to give an answer: “Sleep disturbance influences the regulation of symptom mediators (调节因子) that are released in response to infection.” In plain English, maybe tossing and turning when you’re infected with the cold virus contributes to the symptoms that define a cold.
The researchers were based at Carnegie Mellon, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia, and the study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
60. According to the passage, what does the underlined word “subjects” mean in paragraph 2?
A. areas of knowledge in a school
B. people being studied in an experiment
C. research topics
D. animals being tested
61. It is shown in the passage that _______.
A. the researchers obtain information about the sleep habits by frequent interviews
B. the researchers do their research in the National Institutes of Health
C. people hope to avoid being infected with a cold by sleeping as much as possible
D. sleeping more and better helps regulate the symptom mediators
62. What’s the best title of the passage?
A. The Relationship Between Virus and Cold
B. How to Sleep Well
C. Good Sleep Helps Fight a Cold
D. The More the Sleep, the Better Your Body
【参考答案】60-62 BDC
阅读理解------B
(2017·东北三省四市第二次联考，B)
In the winter months the temperature in most of Canada usually stays below 0℃. However, in some parts of Canada, such as southern British Columbia, the temperature rarely goes below 0℃. In most areas where people live, snow will be on the ground from midDecember to midMarch. Though Canada's winter may be much colder and longer than you are used to, it can be very enjoyable. For many Canadians, being active in winter is an important part of enjoying life. There are many outdoor winter activities, including skiing, ice fishing, walking, and skating. Joining in one of these activities may help you appreciate winter and enjoy your time outside in the snow.
Dressing for winter
During winter in Canada, you will need warm clothing. If possible, arrive with these items or be prepared to buy them soon after your arrival. You will need：
☆warm waterproof boots
☆a scarf for your neck
☆a hat that covers your ears
☆gloves for your hands
☆thick winter coats, pants and sweaters
Layers keep you warm
It's a good idea to layer your clothing by, for example, wearing a Tshirt and a sweater underneath a jacket. If you become too hot, it's always easier to remove a piece of clothing than to add another. On the West Coast, prepare to dress for cool rainy or snowy weather. You will need：
☆a warm waterproof coat
☆waterproof hats
☆an umbrella
☆rain boots or snow boots
Learn more about weather and seasons across Canada. You can also contact Related Links, for example, an immigrantserving organization in the community where you live for more information about dressing for winter.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了冬季去加拿大旅行可以参加的活动，以及游客在穿戴方面应注意的事项。
5．What is the main purpose of the first paragraph?
A．To tell about the details about Canada.
B．To show many outdoor winter activities.
C．To introduce the daily life of Canadians.
D．To encourage you to enjoy winter in Canada.
答案：D 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“... it can be very enjoyable”“There are many outdoor winter activities... may help you appreciate winter and enjoy your time outside in the snow.”可推知，本段的写作目的是为了鼓励读者去加拿大旅行，参加那里举办的各种户外活动。故答案选D。
6．What is the important part for many Canadians in winter?
A．Ice fishing.
B．Joining a group.
C．Leading an active life.
D．Staying in the snow.
答案：C 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“For many Canadians, being active in winter is an important part of enjoying life.”可知，答案选C。
7．If you spend a winter in Canada, you'll prepare the following EXCEPT ________.
A．an umbrella and sunglasses
B．thick winter coats and pants
C．waterproof hats and coats
D．snow boots and gloves
答案：A 细节理解题。根据Dressing for winter和Layers keep you warm中“☆”部分的内容可知，A项中的“太阳镜”不是需要准备的户外装备。故答案选A。
8．The author suggests layering your clothing probably because ________.
A．it is cool to dress like that
B．it is a rule to dress like that
C．the weather there is changeable
D．the weather is usually very hot
答案：C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的“In the winter months... in most of Canada usually stays below 0℃”可排除D项。根据Layers keep you warm部分中的“On the West Coast, prepare to dress for cool rainy or snowy weather.”可推知，C项符合文义；据Layers keep you warm部分中的“If you become too hot, it's always easier to remove a piece of clothing than to add another.”可排除A、B两项。故答案选C。
阅读理解-------C
(2017·海淀区期末，C)
The early lack of exposure to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) can be harmful to achieving gender (性别) balance in these fields. It begins when we are young and continues throughout our time in high school.
While at home, girls generally don't get to experience the level of exposure or encouragement in STEM fields that their male counterparts do. It is often subtle, but it's the first hurdle that faces and confuses so many women.
Boys, on the other hand, get on their path, and are encouraged to do so, generally earlier than girls. For example, boys are more often given science sets as toys, which spark an interest in these subjects.
In school, boys are often pushed to take the more challenging math and science classes. So if we want to attract the best and brightest minds into the fields that will advance us as a people, a country, and a planet, we can no longer look to only half of the population. Young girls cannot possibly consider opportunities they do not know exist. If girls are not exposed to certain subject and career paths, they are highly unlikely to choose to follow them in college.
Our bias (偏见) toward girls, either from families or from schools, is so rooted in our culture that we often don't even recognize it. Although the situation has changed greatly in the past 20 or 30 years, there is still a sense, that girls aren't as good at math, for instance, even though there is almost no evidence to support such a belief.
It is important that as a society we deal with gender stereotypes long before young people are faced with a decision to declare or choose a major in college. Without making efforts to break them, we are limiting the potentials of our youth, both male and female. Providing the necessary resources, exposure, and encouragement would help young women understand that their gender shouldn't determine the career path they choose, and that pursuing a STEM career does not make them less feminine.
文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。由于受传统偏见的影响，女孩最终进入STEM(科学、技术、工程、数学)领域的人数不多，直接导致了这些领域中男女比例失衡。作者呼吁，让更多的女性参与到STEM领域中去。
9．According to the passage, not many girls grow to enter STEM fields because ________.
A．girls are not as good at STEM as boys
B．girls do not like to take science classes
C．girls get fewer chances to know about STEM
D．girls seldom survive the high pressure positions
答案：C 细节理解题。根据文章第二、三段可知，由于对女孩的偏见，无论在家还是在学校，女孩在了解STEM方面的机会比男孩要少，这就是女孩进入STEM领域人数很少的原因。故答案选C。
10．The underlined word “it” in Para. 4 refers to ________.
A．our bias
B．our culture
C．the situation
D．a sense
答案：A 指代判断题。画线词前面提到，我们对女孩的偏见不是来自家庭，就是来自学校，在我们的文化中根深蒂固，而我们却经常对此不承认。由此可推知，不承认的内容是“我们对女孩的偏见”，因此，it指代的就是our bias。故答案选A。
11．The main purpose of the passage is to ________.
A．show women's potentials in STEM fields
B．praise women's contributions to STEM fields
C．describe the present gender bias in STEM fields
D．call for more involvement of women in STEM fields
答案：D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段最后一句中的“... help young women understand that their gender shouldn't determine the career path they choose, and that pursuing a STEM career does not make them less feminine.”并结合全文可知，文章主要目的是为了呼吁更多的女性参与到STEM领域中。故答案选D。
12．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
CP：Central Point P：Point Sp：Subpoint (次要点)
C：Conclusion
答案：D 细节理解题。浏览全文可知，第一段是中心段，提出了问题，起到了总领下文的作用；而第二段和第三段分别谈到在家和在学校的情况，两段是并列平行关系；第四段是对第二段和第三段的总结；最后一段是文章的结论部分。因此，D项符合题意。故答案选D。
【2017界黑龙江省哈三中高三上第三次验收考试】C
The Happiest Cities On Earth
If you’re looking for a cheery destination for your next vacation, consider these four spots and get ready to take notes on how to really live the good life.
Singapore
With one of the highest population densities（密度）in the world and residents known for being workaholics, it’s hard to imagine the city-state of Singapore having one of the happiest populations on earth. And yet in a recent survey, 95% of them said they were either very happy or quite happy.
They give their city high marks for cleanliness and safety—subways are pristine (洁净的) and unfailingly arrive on time, and police are seen as helpful and good at their jobs. What’s more, they feel they can count on their neighbours—all 5.1 million of them.
Arhus, Denmark
The residents of Arhus cheerfully part with 68% of their income in taxes, knowing that in return they will be guaranteed free healthcare, free daycare, and a top-notch (第一流的) education for their children.
An energetic city of 300,000 with a lively cultural scene and a diverse number of religions represented, the sense of equality (the range in incomes is narrow), as well as easy access to the nearby sea and surrounding countryside, make Arhus seem more like a small town.
San Luis Obispo, CA
According to a 2008 Gallup-Healthways study, people who live in San Luis Obispo are more likely than residents of other U.S. cities to smile and experience joy and are less likely to experience pain or depression. About 64,000 of the 260,000 people in the greater metropolitan area (都市区), located halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, volunteer at over 11,000 non-profit organizations.
Few journeys to work are longer than 10 minutes (one reason its members rank in the upper third for job satisfaction), so “it’s easy to be involved,” resident Pierre Rademaker said. Business signs are unobtrusive (不显眼的) by law, fewer than 11% of residents smoke—the lower rate in the U.S.—there are lots of bike lanes, and the city’s plaza draws crowds of people for free concerts on summer Fridays. What’s not to love?
Monterrey, Mexico
The people of Monterrey don’t enjoy high household incomes or access to good healthcare. Instead, there’s a profound sense of gratitude for the new political freedom enjoyed since the oppressive Institutional Revolutionary Party lost power in 2000—the first time in nearly a century—as well as an emphasis on social life over work.
Another reason Monterrey residents may be so happy is their faith in God and family, and their ability to tough it out through bad times.
“We laugh at sickness, poverty and even death,” says Basanez, a political scientist who lives in Monterrey. “We even have a holiday to celebrate death. November 2, the Day of the Dead, is one of the biggest holidays of the year.”
63. According to the passage, what do the residents in the four cities have in common?
A. All the residents can make great fortunes by working hard.
B. The residents there are mostly educators.
C. All the residents enjoy enough material wealth.
D. The majority of the residents are satisfied with their current life.
64. According to the passage, we can infer that _______.
A. the people of Singapore expect their neighbours to come to their help when necessary
B. the people of Monterrey even observe one’s death on a special day of a year
C. the residents of Arhus happily pay 68% of their income for their children’s education fee
D. the people who live in San Luis Obispo have job satisfaction because they can enjoy good working conditions
65. According to the passage which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A. The people of Monterrey didn’t enjoy political freedom until 2000.
B. The residents in Singapore feel happy because of its low population density.
C. The people of San Luis Obispo can enjoy free concerts in summer.
D. Arhus is handy to the seaside and countryside.
66. What can we learn from the underlined part “the sense of equality”?
A. The residents of Arhus have no racial discrimination.
B. Arhus is considered as a family sharing everything with each other.
C. There is no wide gap between the rich and the poor in Arhus.
D. The residents of Arhus can depend on their neighbours to help.
【参考答案】63-66 DABC