Unit2 Working the land
1、struggle v．&n.
根据语境猜词义
(1) We must struggle for passing the entrance exams.
(2) They were struggling_to get out the burning car.
根据语义找匹配：A. 挣扎 B. 为……而努力
(1) B (2) A
struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
struggle for sth. 努力以博取某物；为争取某物而斗争
struggle with/against… 同……搏斗；与……展开斗争
straggle to one's feet挣扎着站起
表示“与……战斗、斗争”的短语还有：
fight with 与……战斗
fight for 为争取……而斗争
fight against与……斗争；与……并肩作战
单项填空
()He has been struggling ______ success in his business.
A. against
B. with
C. for
D. to
1、struggle v．&n.
C 考查struggle for努力以博取……，struggle with/against… 同……搏斗。
2、regret v．&n.
根据语境猜词义
(1) Tom regretted not telling his parents the thing.
(2) I regretted_to tell you that you hadn't passed the driving test.
(3) He told me with_regret_that he couldn't come to the party.
根据语义找匹配：A. 遗憾地 B. 后悔 C. 抱歉
(1) B (2) C (3) A
regret doing / having done 后悔做了某事(表示已经做的事情)
regret to do 因要做某事而感到遗憾(表示将要做的事情)
regret to say/ tell 抱歉地说/告诉……
much to one's regret 深感遗憾
with regret 遗憾地
remember /forget/ regret后既接doing又接to do作宾语，它们选择的依据就是看非谓语动词与谓语动词发生的先后确定。当非谓语动词的动作先于谓语动词发生时，就用v.ing或having done形式；后于谓语动词发生时，就用to do sth.
I only regret not struggling for the entrance exams at first. (强调“没努力”发生在regret之前)
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. (强调“通知你”发生在regret之后)
单项填空
()(1) They failed to pass the exam last time. I regretted ______ them.
A. to be not able to help
B. not being able to help
C. being not able to help
D. not be able to help
B 考查regret doing的用法。根据语境：“没帮助他们”的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以答案是B。
()(2) I regret ______ you that Tom failed the exams and he regretted ______ your advice.
A. to tell; not to follow
B. telling; not following
C. to tell; not following
D. telling; not to follow
C 考查regret to do/doing的用法。regret to do意为“遗憾地要做某事”，regret (not) doing/having done意为“后悔没做某事/做了某事”。
()(3) Much ______ my regret, I'm unable to accept your kind invitation.
A. for
B. with
C. to
D. by
C much to one's regret意为“非常遗憾/抱歉”。
3、 reduce v.
根据语境猜词义
(1) They've reduced the prices in the shop, so it's a good time to buy.
(2) He is trying to reduce expenses.
(3) We must gradually reduce_the wage gap.
根据语义找匹配：A. 降低 B. 减少 C. 缩小
(1) A (2) B (3) C
同义词：decrease
反义词：increase，rise
reduce…by 减少了(其后常加百分数，也可加具体数字)
reduce…to 减少到(其后常加具体数字)
The shopkeeper reduced the price to $50.
店主把价格降到50美元。
The shopkeeper reduced the price by $10.
店主把价格降了10美元。
单项填空
()Tom's weight was reduced ______ 10 kilograms last year.
A. by
B. to
C. from
D. in
A 考查reduce的基本用法。此处应根据句意选择，汤姆的体重只能降低10kg，不可能降低到10kg, 所以答案是A。
4、thanks to
根据语境猜词义
(1) Thanks_to the English language，we can learn a lot from other countries.
(2) It was thanks_to your timely help that we accomplished the task on time.
根据语义找匹配：A. 由于 B. 多亏了
(1)B (2) A
because of/due to/owing to/on account of
because of 只能引导状语。
We must not get discouraged because of such a minor setback.
due to 英国英语中只能引导表语，美国英语中既可作表语也可作状语。
Our victory was due to the assistance of the starplayer.
owing to既可作状语又可作表语，以状语最常见，它所引导的状语必须是修饰全句的，故必须用逗号与主句隔开，这与because of是不同的。
They decided to postpone the trip, owing to the change of weather.
They refused to give up the project merely because of the lack of skilled personnel.
在第一句中owing to 直接影响了主要动词decide，而在第二句中because of 却只影响了次要动词give up, 而对主要动词refuse无任何影响。且第一句中，owing to可放在句首，而第二句中because of则不能。
thanks to也是引导状语，除表示“由于”之外往往带有感谢或讽刺的意思。
Thanks to your help, much trouble was saved.
单项填空
()______ the new policy, we are now having a happy life.
A. Thanks to
B. Because
C. For
D. Thanks for
4、thanks to
A 考查近义词的辨析。此处，thanks to应为“多亏了”， because后应加句子； for 表示补充说明的原因，后接分句，一般不在句首。
试填下空：
(1) ______ your help.We all passed the exam.
(2) ______ your help, we all passed the exam.
A. Thanks for
B. Thanks to
(1) A 由于有句号，说明它们彼此独立，互不为因果关系，所以答案是A，表示“因……而感谢”。
(2) B 因为/由于你的帮助，我们才通过考试。里面有因果关系。thanks to your help为原因状语短语，所以后面用逗号。
5、lead to
根据语境猜词义
(1) All roads lead_to Rome.
(2) His carelessness led_to his failure.
根据语义找匹配：A. 导致；造成(后果) B. 通向
(1) B (2) A
leading adj. 主要的，最重要的；卓越的，一流的；领导的，带头的
leader n. 领袖，领导者，指挥者
leadership n. 领导，指挥，领导权
lead sb. to 把某人带到
lead sb. to do sth. 导致某人做某事；促使某人做某事
lead sb. ＋ 介词＋名词 领导、带领、率领某人做某事
lead sb. to sp.把某人带到某地
under the leadership of 在……的领导下
单项填空
()The road ______ the city is lined with trees.
A. lead to
B. result from
C. result in
D. leading to
D 考查短语意思辨析。按照词组意思排除。还要注意分析句子结构，找主干。leading to作后置定语修饰the road。
would rather not do sth. 不愿做某事
I'd rather stay for a little while, not leave right away.
我想呆一会而不想马上离开。
would rather have done sth. 过去想做某事而实际上并未做到
He would rather have left yesterday, but he had to wait for me.
他想昨天就走的，但不得不等我。(想做而没做)
6、would rather
would rather do sth. than do another 宁愿做某事而不愿做另外的一件事
I'd rather stay at home reading than go out for a walk.
我宁愿待在家里看书也不出去散步。
would rather sb. had done sth. (过去)倒想做
I would rather you had finished your homework yesterday. 我想让你昨天就把作业做完。(实际上没做完)
would rather sb. did sth. (现在或将来)想做
I would rather he went out for an outing with us tomorrow, but he won't be free then. 我想让他明天和我们一起郊游，但他那时不可能有空。
7、if so
so在这里是代词，代替前面的分句或句子，构成缩略条件句，语义可由上下文语境得知。
Will you get a free evening next week? If so, let us have dinner. 下周你有一个晚上的空闲吗？如果有，我们一起吃顿饭吧。
so也常用在believe, expect, hope, suppose, think, assume, presume, fear, imagine, fancy, guess, hear, say, tell, I'm afraid等表示看法和意见的词语之后，以及一些系动词appear，become，get，keep，seem，prove，turn等之后。
if ever 如果有过/发生过的话
if not 如果不
if any 如果有一些
if anything 如果有什么的话
if only 要是……就好了
if possible 如有可能
what if 倘若……怎么样/怎么办
I don't know if there are some mistakes in my composition. If any, please point them out.
我不知道我的作文中是否有一些错误，如果有的话，请指出来。
单项填空
()(1)If you've finished, we can have a coffee. ______，you'd better keep working.
A. If so
B. Only if
C. If only
D. If not
()(2) The girl seldom, if ______， turned to her brother for protection.
A. never
B. ever
C. any
D. then
()(3) Mary took her study seriously and Kate ______.
A. more so even perhaps
B. perhaps even more so
C. probably less as much
D. possibly even so
8、This special strain of rice makes_it_possible to produce onethird more of the crop in the same fields. (P10)
这种特殊的稻种使得同样的田地多收获三分之一的产量。
“make it ＋ 宾语补足语 ＋ 动词不定式”， it 作形式宾语，动词不定式是真正的宾语。有时真正的宾语是从句。有此用法的动词还有consider/think/make/find/believe/declare/feel/guess/imagine/prove。
He felt it his duty to take good care of them.
The bad weather makes it impossible for us to go for a picnic.
We make it a rule to do some English practice before class.
Tom found it very embarrassing to be reminded of the longstanding debt.
Do you find it funny to see someone sliding on a banana skin?
() 1. (2009·江西)Some of you may have finished unit one. ______， you can go on to unit two.
A. If you may
B. If you do
C. If not
D. If so
If_so,_what did you do to grow them? If not, what kind of plant would you like to try growing？(P9)
D 本题考查省略句的用法。 If so ＝ If you have done that / so。
()2. (2007 ·安徽)— Robert is indeed a wise man.
— Oh, yes. How often I regretted ______ his advice.
A. to take
B. taking
C. not to take
D. not taking
His father says that he has never regretted_sending his son to study abroad. (P13)
D 考查动词的意思及用法辨析。先确定regret在这句话中意思为“后悔”，根据句子意思，应该为“后悔没有听取他的建议”。
() 3. (2007· 浙江) We firmly believe that war never settles anything. It only______ violence.
A. runs into
B. comes from
C. leads to
D. begins with
Many of these chemicals can lead_to cancer or other illnesses. (P14)
C 考查动词短语词义辨析。 run into 撞上；come from 来自于；begin with以…… 开始。