Unit4 Astronomy： the science of the stars
1、 harmful adj.根据语境猜词义
(1) Fruit juices can be_harmful_to children's teeth.
(2) Many households products are potentially harmful.
根据语义找匹配：A. 有害的 B. 危害
(1) A (2) B
harm n. 伤害；
损害 vt. 伤害……；
损害……
harmless adj. 无害的；
无恶意的
do sb. harm ＝ do harm to sb. 对某人有害
be harmful to 对……有害
It does no harm to do sth. /There is no harm (in) doing sth. 不妨做某事
It wouldn't do sb. any harm to do sth. 做某事对某人并无害处
No harm done! (对别人做错事的一种劝慰) 没事儿！ 不要紧！
单词拼写
(1) Your smoking may be harmful (有害) to the health of your baby.
(2) The storm has done great harm (有害) to the crops.
(3) The dog seems fierce, but actually he's harmless.
2、prevent v.
根据语境猜词义
(1) The heavy rain prevented us (from) going to school.
(2) They have been prevented by the traffic jam from going there on time.
根据语义找匹配：A. 阻碍 B. 阻止
(1) B (2) A
“阻止某人做某事”的几种表达式：
ban sb. from doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
keep sb. from doing sth.
单项填空
()(1) We must take firm and efficient measures to prevent pollution ______our life even better.
A. to make
B. making
C. make
D. against making
A 考查非谓语动词的使用。本题的语义是： 为了使我们的生活更加美好，我们必须采取果断而卓有成效的措施阻止污染。根据语境非谓语动词在本句是目的状语，所以答案是A。本题极容易造成学生们的思维定势而误选B。
()(2) We'll spare no effort to prevent the river ______.
A. from polluting
B. polluting
C. being polluted
D. polluted
C 考查非谓语动词的使用。本题的语义是：我们将不遗余力地阻止河流污染。根据语境河流与污染形成了被动关系，所以答案是C。
3、develop v.
根据语境猜词义
(1) We should develop the habit of reading, because reading can develop the mind.
(2) Shanghai has developed into a commercial center of our country.
(3) We must develop many more new products in order to satisfy the demands of market.
根据语义找匹配：A. 养成(习惯) B. 发展 C. 开发
(1) A (2) B (3) C
developed adj. 发达的
developing adj. 发展中的
development n. 发展
用develop的正确形式填空
With the development of science and technology, some developing countries have developed into developed ones.
4、puzzle n．&v.
根据语境猜词义
(1) It's a puzzle to me why he hasn't come for my birthday party.
(2) Can you help me out with the math puzzle?
(3) Her word puzzled him.
(4) I was puzzled how to handle the situation.
根据语义找匹配：A. 使……迷惑不解 B. 谜 C. 难题 D. 使……为难
(1)B (2)C (3) A (4) D
puzzling adj. 令人困惑的；使人感到困惑的
puzzled adj. 困惑的；感到困惑的
puzzlement n. 困惑，迷惑
be in a puzzle about 对……大惑不解
work out a puzzle 猜谜；解决难题
puzzle over 对……冥思苦想
puzzle out (苦苦思索而)搞清楚
puzzle one's brain about / over 对……而大伤脑筋
用puzzle的正确形式填空
The (1) puzzling boy (2) puzzled his mother, so there was a (3) puzzled expression on her face. Much to (4) puzzlement
of his mother, he left home without saying a word.
5、gentle adj.
根据语境猜词义
(1) Mothers are always gentle with their children.
(2) It's very comfortable to let the gentle wind blow on your face.
根据语义找匹配
A. 轻轻的，轻柔的 B. 温柔的，文雅的
(1) B (2) A
gentlelooking adj.
看起来彬彬有礼的、看起来很绅士的
gentleman n. 绅士，先生
gently adv. 温柔地，轻柔地，轻轻地
gentleness n. 温柔，和善
be gentle with sb. 对某人体贴入微，对某人温柔有加
gentle in voice / action 声音温柔，举止文雅
have a gentle manner of doing sth. 做某事风度高雅
gentle/mild/soft
gentle 用于人时，指温柔文雅的举止，出于自我约束或对他人的体贴。指物时，强调物体运动的轻缓。
mild 指出于本性性格温柔，脾气好，强调自己“态度安详，不粗野”。
He has too mild a nature to lose his temper.
soft 指人心肠柔软，言语婉转。
I am always too soft with you.
单项填空
()(1) Strolling at the lake, the ______ wind is brushing your face. How romantic!
A. mild
B. soft
C. gentle
D. light
C 考查形容词词义辨析。题意是：信步于湖畔，清风轻拂着你的脸。多么富有诗情画意啊！通过语境体现出是物体运动轻缓的语义，所以答案是C。
()(2) The teacher was too ______ with her class, so they were out of control.
A. mild
B. soft
C. gentle
D. light
B 考查形容词词义辨析。题意是：老师对学生们心太软了，他们都不听她的。语境体现出的是人的心肠柔软，所以答案是B。
6、pull n．&v.
根据语境猜词义
(1) To escape the pull of the earth, a rocket must reach a speed of 28,440 km/h.
(2) He pulled the door open and rushed out.
根据语义找匹配：A. 拉 B. 吸引力
(1) B (2)A
pull down 拆除； (把身体)拖垮
pull off (匆忙地)脱下(衣物); (成功地)完成
pull on (匆忙地)穿上
pull out 拔出； 驶出； 摆脱(困难)
pull in 进站；靠岸
pull away 驶离；开走
pull together 通力合作； 整顿； 控制(感情)
pull through 恢复健康；渡过难关
pull/draw/drag
pull 一般用法，指各种情况的“拉”，但有时强调一时或突然拉的动作。
I pulled the handle and the door opened.
draw 指平稳、较轻地拉。
After some time, the fisherman began to draw the net.
drag 往往指用大力气拖拉笨重物体，有“拖拉”的意思。
He dragged a heavy box upstairs alone.
C 考查动词短语辨析。 语义是：班车驶进车站，乘客一个个地下来了。drive away开走；push in 是不存在的短语；rush in 冲进，不合题意，所以答案是C。
单项填空
()(1) The bus ______ the bus station and the passengers got off one after another.
A. drove away
B. pushed in
C. pulled in
D. rushed in
D 考查动词短语辨析。 语义是：勇士匆忙脱下衣服跳进河里救那落水儿童。pull on匆忙穿上；put off 推迟；take off脱下，在语境中不是最佳答案；pull off匆忙脱下，所以答案是D。
()(2) The brave man ______ his clothes and jumped into the river to save the drowning boy.
A. pulled on
B. put off
C. took off
D. pulled off
7、cheer up
根据语境猜词义
(1) It's said that thousands packed the city center to cheer her.
(2) Everybody cheered when the medical team arrived.
(3) When the rescuers appeared, cheers ran out of the waiting crowd.
根据语义找匹配
A. 为……喝彩 B. 欢呼 C. 欢呼声；喝彩声
(1) A (2) B (3) C
Cheers! 干杯！
cheerful adj. 兴高采烈的； 精神振奋的
cheer up (使)高兴起来； (使)振作起来
cheer on 为……鼓气； 向……喝彩
8、 break out
根据语境感悟其用法
(1)Last year EV71 virus broke_out in many parts of China.
(2)Last night a fire broke_out in his house.
根据语境break out意思是：
__________________________________________
______________________________。
(战争、火灾、疫病)发生、爆发
注意：“发生”在英汉表达形式上有不同。
汉语“发生”后接宾语，但英语不可以，它要把汉语中的宾语放在主语位置上，且不能用被动语态。
单项填空
()(1) To understand the grammar of the sentence, you must break it ______ into parts.
A. down
B. up
C. off
D. out
A 考查动副词的搭配。题意是：要想理解这句话的语法，你必须把它划分开。所以答案是A。
()(2) News reports say peace talks between the two countries ______ with no agreement reached.
A. have broken down
B. have broken out
C. have broken in
D. have broken up
A 题意是：据资讯报道，两国和谈由于没有达成一致意见而破裂。所以答案是A。
9、come on
根据语境猜词义
(1)Come_on! we'll be late.
(2)Come_on,_guys! You can do it.
(3)Come_on! Our future is bright. We will be successful.
(4)Oh! come_on,_don't lie to me.
(5)Come_on! Baby.
根据语义找匹配
A.用于表示催促，相当于Hurry up! 赶快！ 抓紧！抓紧时间！
B.表示对对方的鼓励。 加油！ 加把劲！
C.表示对对方的劝慰。 高兴点儿！乐观点儿！
D.用于对对方的挑衅。 来呀！来吧！
E.表示对对方所说的早有耳闻。算了吧！得了吧！ 别逗了！
(1)A (2)B (3)C (4)E (5)D
come about 发生，产生
come along (表示催促)快点！一道去，进展
come back to life 苏醒，复活
come down 下来，降价
come out 出现，结果，出版(出版之物在主语位置上，不能用被动语态)
come over 过来，短暂造访，顺便来访，从……(远道)而来
come around 再度出现、改变(观点、心态)
come to 来到，总计，结果是
come up 上来，上升，提出(宾语在主语位置上，不能用被动语态)
come up with 提出(直接接宾语)，想出，赶上
come into being 出现，产生，形成
come for 来取，为……而来
单项填空
()(1) It's already 10 o'clock, I wonder how it ______ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.
A. came over
B. came out
C. came about
D. came up
C 考查come有关短语的语义辨析。语义是：已经10点了。我纳闷这么短的一段路他迟到两个小时是怎么回事。依据语境语义说明这一局面的产生。come over过来，短暂造访，顺便来访，从……(远道)而来；come out 出现，结果，出版；come about 发生，产生；come up上来，上升，提出，所以答案是C。
()(2) — I am dead tired. I can't walk any further, Jenny.
— ______， Tommy. You can do it!
A. No problem
B. No hurry
C. Come on
D. That's OK
C 考查交际英语的使用。语义是：——我都累死了。詹妮，我一步都不能走了。——加把劲吧，汤米，你一定能行的！表示鼓励。No problem是对别人请求你做某事的应允；No hurry汉语式的表达；Come on表示鼓励；That's OK. 对道歉的回应，所以答案是C。
()(3) The dictionary is being printed and it will soon______.
A. turn out
B. come out
C. start out
D. go out
B 考查动词短语语义的辨析。语义是：这本词典正在付印中且不久就要出版了。turn out虽然有“出版”的意思，但在这里要用被动语态；come out表示“出版”，在这里不用被动语态；start out动身，出发；go out 出去，所以答案是B。
10、What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. (P25)
随后它将变成什么样子无人知晓，直到38到45亿年之间它才形成了一个固体的球体。
when 在这个句子中是并列连词引导并列句。when引导并列句不能放在句首，它所体现出的语义是：“就在这时；就在那时；此时此刻；届时”。一般它有两个极具有代表性的句式：
(1)be doing sth. when… 表示“正在做某事就在这个时候发生了另外的一件事” 。
(2)be about to do sth. when… 表示“正要做某事就在这个时候发生了另外一件事”。
I was about to leave when the phone rang.
我正要出去就在这个时候电话响了。
I was walking in the street when I heard my name called from behind. 我正在街上散步就在这时我听到有人在背后叫我的名字。
Professor Wang will come for a visit to our school in May when he will give away his works to our library.
王教授将在5月份访问我校，届时他会把他的著作捐赠给我校。
when除了引导时间状语从句外，它还能引导哪些状语从句呢？
(1)How can he learn anything when he has spent all of his spare time surfing the Internet playing computer games?
(2)They kept digging when they must have known there was no hope.
(1) 引导原因状语从句，表示“既然”。既然他把所有的业余时间都用在上网玩游戏上了，他又怎能学到什么呢？
(2) 引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。他们明明知道没任何希望，但他们还是不停地挖。
11、Although its origin may still be a puzzle, the moon can never be anything more_than a satellite of the earth.(P28)
尽管月球的起源扑朔迷离，但它只不过就是地球的一颗卫星。
never…anything more than ＝ no more than ＝ only 只是，只不过
The building can never be anything more than a big house. 这个建筑物充其量就是一座大房子。
He is much of a talker, but, as a matter of fact, he is never anything more than an unknown person.
他侃侃而谈，但实际上他就是一个无名之辈。
more than/no more than/not more than
more than
(1) more than ＋ 数词 ＝ over ＋ 数词 “多于”；
(2) more than ＋ 形容词 “十分地……”；
(3) more than ＋ 名词 “不只是……”
(4) more than ＋ 句子 “超出了……的范围”；“是某人不能做的”
Well done! I am more than pleased with you.
I love you more than I can say.
no more than
(1) no more than ＋ 数词 ＝ only “仅仅……”
(2) no more than ＋ 名词 “就是……”、“只是……”
We need no more than two persons to do the job.
The leaders of our Party is no more than servants for the people.
not more than
not more than ＋ 数词 “不多于……”、“不超过……”
It's not more than a mile to the downtown. You can go there on foot.
()1. (2007·福建)
— Do you need any help, Lucy?
— Yes. The job is ______ I could do myself.
A. less than
B. more than
C. no more than
D. not more than
B 本题考查的是形容词短语的理解区别问题。语义是：——露西，你有什么需要帮忙的吗？——需要。 这项工作不是我一个人就能做好的。less than 少于； more than超出；no more than 仅仅；not more than 不多于，依据语境语义，答案是B。
Although its origin may still be a puzzle, the moon can never be anything more_than a satellite of the earth. (P28)