be doing...when 正在做某事突然间…… had just done...when 刚做完某事,这时…… had hardly/scarcely...when 刚做完某事,这时…… ①I was thinking of this when I heard my name called. 我正想着这件事时,突然听到有人叫我的名字. ②He was on the point of leaving_when someone knocked at the door.他刚要走就有人敲门. ③We had hardly fallen asleep
when
the bell rang. 我们刚刚入睡,铃声就响了起来.
跟踪训练 Ⅰ.完成句子 1．我那天病了,否则,我就参加运动会了. I was ill that day.__________, I_______________________the sports meeting. Otherwise would have taken part in 2．如若给以发展的机会,他也是很可能会成为一个卓越的艺术家的. ________the opportunity,he ____________________a brilliant artist. 3．我们正打算动身,这时突然下起了雨. We________________set off________it suddenly began to rain. Given might well have become were about to when Ⅱ.单项填空 1．________time,he’ll make much progress in his English. A．Having given B．To give C．Giving
D．Given 解析：选D.此题考查given的用法.此题中given为介词,意为“如果有,假定有”. 句意：如果有时间,他的英语将会有大的进步. 2．(2011·高考陕西卷)More highways have been built in China,________it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. A．making
B．made C．to make
D．having made
解析：选A.句意：中国建了更多的高速公路,这使得人们从一个地方到另一个地方旅行更加容易了.making是现在分词,在句中作结果状语.不定式表示偶然性很强或意想不到的结果,所以C项不符合逻辑.
3．(2011·高考江苏卷)Recently a survey________prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. A．compared
B．comparing C．compares
D．being compared
解析：选B.句意：最近,一项对两家超市的同样商品的价格进行比较的调查在市民中引起了激烈的争论.survey与compare在逻辑上存在主谓关系,因此使用comparing.comparing prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets在句中作后置定语,修饰survey.
4．(2011·高考山东卷)Look over there—there’s a very long,winding path________up to the house. A．leading
B．leads C．led
D．to lead
解析：选A.lead up to在此处意为“通 向”,与path是逻辑上的主谓关系.分析句子成分可知此处是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰path,相当于which leads up to.
5．(2011·高考辽宁卷)________around the fire,the tourists danced with the local people. A．Gather
B．To gather C．Gathering
D．To be gathering
解析：选C.句意：旅游者和当地的居民围着篝火一起跳舞.主语the tourists和动词gather是逻辑上的主谓关系,故用现在分词短语作伴随状语,故C项正确.
温馨提示 请做课时作业 选修八 Unit 22 本部分内容讲解结束 按ESC键退出全屏播放 【重点提示】 (1)refer to表示“查阅;参阅”意义时,相当于consult,其宾语为词典、书籍类的名词,而look up的搭配结构则为look up sth.in a dictionary. (2)解题时一定要注意区分句子结构,尤其是refer to为后置定语时.例如：The man you referred to came eventually.你提到的那个人终于来了. 11answer for sth. 对某事负责;为某事受谴责 (教材P132)Hunters in general have a lot to answer_for in terms of endangered animals. 就濒危动物而言,猎人通常应负许多责任.
归纳拓展 ①They shall answer for their behavior. 他们应对自己的行为负责. ②The doctor came at once in_answer_to my phone call. 医生一接到我的电话立刻就来了. ③(朗文P60)Stop answering your mother back! 不准和母亲顶嘴！
12on somebody’s behalf 代表…… (教材P132)We need to speak out_on_their_behalf_before they disappear for good. 在它们永远消失前,我们需要代表它们站出来说出心声.
归纳拓展 ①I’m here on behalf of my family to give our regards to you. 我在这里代表我们全家向你问候. ②I paid the money on your behalf.
我替你付了钱.
③We collected money in_behalf_of_the poor students. 我们为帮助贫困学生而募捐.
跟踪训练 Ⅰ.选词填空 take action,lie in,answer for,bring about,apart from,refer to 1．The problem ________________deciding when to intervene. lies in 2．The heavy spring rains last month________________the flood. 3．It was foolish of him to________________his notes during that important test,and as a result,he got punished. brought about refer to 4．The murder will have to________________his crimes one day. 5．I felt that it was time for us________________. 6．You’ve got to help.________________anything else you are my brother. answer for to take action Apart from Ⅱ.单项填空 1．On AIDS Day,the minister of Health Department demanded that the problems________paid special attention to. A．referred to being
B．referred to be C．refer to being
D．refer to be
解析：选B.考查非谓语动词、虚拟语 气.句意：在艾滋病日上,卫生部部长要求特别关注提到的问题.referred to 过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰the problems.demand常用于“demand＋that...(should)do sth.”结构,选项中的be前省略了should.
2．You may get away with this kind of thing now,but you will have to ________it some day. A．answer back
B．answer to C．answer for
D．answer up
解析：选C.句意：现在你可以逃过此 事,但日后你将必须对此承担责任. answer for“对……负责”,符合句意.
3．________them,I had no one to talk to. A．Take apart
B．Set apart C．Fall apart
D．Apart from
解析：选D.句意：除了他们之外,我没有其他说话的人.apart from“除……之外”;take apart“拆卸,拆开”;set apart“留出,拨出”;fall apart“破裂,崩溃”.
4．—May I have a word with you? —________.I’m not busy,anyway. A．By no means
B．By all means C．By means of
D．By any means
解析：选B.根据I’m not busy,anyway.推断“我”同意和你说话.by all means“当然可以”,符合句意.
句型巧析 1(教材P6)Without these naturally occurring gases, the sun’s rays would bounce back into space leaving_the_Earth_cold_and_impossible_to_live_on.
如果没有这些自然存在的气体,太阳的光线将会离开地球,返回到太空,使地球变得寒冷,人类将无法居住.
【句法分析】(1)without 在本句中表示一个假设的条件，后面的主句中用“would＋do”表示对将来的虚拟，像这样表假设条件的介词还有but for；连词or， otherwise，它们引导的句子在英语中称为含蓄条件句。(2)leaving the Earth cold and impossible to live on 为现在分词短语作结果状语。
①Without/But for your help, I wouldn’t have done it well. 没有你的帮助我不会干得很好的. ②Football is played in over 80 countries, making_it
the most popular sport in the world. 在80多个国家里都有足球这项体育活动,使它成为世界上最受欢迎的一项运动. ③They have been discussing the problem for 2 hours, reaching no agreement at last. 他们对这个问题一直讨论了两个小时,最后也没达成协议.
2(教材P6)Given
this data,it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据,好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系并不仅仅是巧合.
【句法分析】 本句中given为介词,意思为“鉴于……”(表示原因).另外,它还可以表示假设,意为“倘若;假定”.类似的还有regarding(关于,有关)/ considering( 鉴于,考虑到)/concerning (关于,涉及)/provided/providing(假定) / judging from...(根据……来判断)等. ①Given the present conditions,I think she’s done rather well. 考虑到目前的条件,我认为她已做得相当出色. ②Given her interest in children/Given that she is interested in children,I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子,我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业.
③Given the chance,I’ll do it again. 如果有机会,我会再做一次. ④Considering the strength of the opposition,we did very well to score two goals. 就对方的实力而论,我们能进两个球就很不错了.
⑤We did more work concerning the aging population. 我们做了更多的有关老龄化问题的工作. ⑥Provided/Providing the price is right,we’ll buy everything you produce.倘若价格合适,我们将购买你们的全部产品.
3(教材P17) ...,Titanic,was on its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City,when_it_struck_an_iceberg and sank about 153 km south of Newfoundland. ……,泰坦尼克号在作首次航海,从南安普敦开往纽约城,突然间撞上冰山,在纽芬兰岛南153公里的地方沉船.
①Since I am now preparing for the College Entrance Examination,my mother is very considerate of me. 自从我在为高考做准备,妈妈就对我的照顾很细心. ②We’ve saved a considerable amount of money. 我们存了一笔数额相当大的钱. ③I seriously considered_resigning. 我是认真考虑过辞职的. 辨析 considerate,thoughtful considerate 指能设身处地为别人着想,给予同情或谅解. thoughtful 指为他人着想,主动关怀,做有益于他人的事. ④He was always kind and considerate. 他总是态度和善并体贴他人. ⑤It’s very thoughtful_of_you to remember my birthday. 你想的真周到,还记得我的生日.
跟踪训练 Ⅰ.品句填词 1．It is in the air that there will be a__________(台风) this week. 2．Stick to your__________(原则) and tell him you won’t do it. typhoon principles 3．All three teams__________(采取) different approaches to the problem. 4．The handle was just__________(超出) my reach. 5．I have my_____________(疑虑) about his ability to do the job. adopted beyond reservations 6．_____________is one way to make sure we have enough energy in the future. 7．Oil pollution could damage the __________ of the coral reefs. 8．She __________ him with her death. Conservation ecology threatened Ⅱ.单项填空 1．Hearing the dog barking fiercely,away________. A．fleeing the thief B．was fleeing the thief C．the thief was fleeing D．fled the thief 解析：选D.句意：听到狗叫得很凶,小偷逃跑了.此处away为副词,置于句首引起全部倒装.
2．—Do you think their table tennis team will win the first place at the coming Asian Games? —________.Ours is much stronger than theirs. A．Of course
B．It depends C．Don’t mention it
D．By no means
解析：选D.by no means表示决不;it depends表示看情况而定.
3．There are hundreds of people desperate to ________an orphan whose parents were killed in the Japan earthquake. A．receive
B．educate C．adopt
D．abuse
解析：选C.句意：数以千计的人非常想收养日本地震中丧失父母的孤儿. receive收到;educate教育;adopt收养; abuse滥用. 4．You should________the opportunity to study in college.Or you will be regretful. A．watch
B．refuse C．miss
D．seize
解析：选D.句意：你应该抓住在大学学习的机会,否则你会后悔的.watch观看; refuse拒绝;miss错过,怀念;seize抓住.
5．The manager was unable to attend but sent his deputy(副手)as a________. A．replacement
B．substitution C．substitute
D．change
解析：选C.句意：经理不能出席,派了个副手代表他.substitute作名词,意为“代替的人或物”,而A、B两项均表示代替动作本身,D项不合句意.
6．—I can’t stand Jack.He is too inefficient! —Nobody is perfect.Try to be________to others. A．considering
B．considered C．considerable
D．considerate
解析：选D.答语句意：人无完人,对别人应该体谅一些.considerate“关心的,体贴的”.
7．Everybody was touched________words after they heard her moving story. A．beyond
B．without C．of
D．in
解析：选A.句意：听到她的感人故事 后,他们每个人都感动得无法用语言来形容.beyond words表示“在言语之外”,即不能用言语来表达.
8．(2017·南昌模拟)It was reported that 115 miners________in the flooded mine for eight days were pulled out alive at last. A．trapped
B．being trapped C．were trapped
D．had trapped
解析：选A.句意：据报道115名被困在矿井里八天的矿工最后被解救出来了. trapped in the flooded mine for eight days是过去分词短语作定语.
9．By no means________to your parents. A．is this the first time you are lying B．this is the first time you have lied C．this is the first time you tell a lie D．is this the first time you have lied 解析：选D.by no means决不,表否定意义的词放在句首,句子用倒装句.This is the first time...句型中常用完成时态.
短语细解 10refer to 提到,涉及;查阅 (教材P6)Global warming refers_to an average increase in the Earth’s temperature... 地球变暖是指地球气温的平均上升……
归纳拓展 ①This is why Marxists refer to their type of movement as scientific
socialism. 这就是为什么马克思主义者将他们这种运动称作为科学社会主义的原因. ②He referred_himself_to his father’s power and influence. 他仰仗着他父亲的权势.
③The members referred the question to the committee,as they were unable to reach a decision. 各成员们把这个问题交给委员会处理,因为他们无法形成决议. 辨析 refer to,refer...to refer to 提到,参考,指……而言,涉及,适用于. refer...to 把……提交,委托给……,把……归功于. ④Don’t refer to the matter again. 不要再提这件事了. ⑤Refer_to the dictionary when you don’t know how to spell a word.当你不知道怎么拼写一个单词时,查阅一下词典.
⑥He referred his success to the good education he had had. 他把他的成功归于他以前所受的良好教育.
①They claimed the reward for working for him. 为他工作他们要求报酬. ②The court claimed(that)he was innocent. 法庭宣布他无罪.
③The settlers claimed the land to_be theirs. 殖民者声称土地是他们的.
3condemn vt.宣判死刑,注定毁灭; 责难,责备 (教材P6)．..,we are condemning life on Earth and should expect severe consequences. ……,我们正在毁灭地球上的生命,并且会出现预料中严重的后果.
归纳拓展
助 记 He was condemned
to death and his mother was to blame for this because she never scolded him when he stole things as a young boy. 他被判死刑,这要归咎于他的母亲,因为她在他小时候偷东西时从来没有责备过他. ①(朗文P343)He was condemned to death for murder and later hanged.他因凶杀罪被判处死刑后被绞死. ②We condemned him for his bad conduct. 我们责备他行为不检点.
③As an old person, one is often condemned_to live alone. 老年人常出于无奈而独自生活.
辨析
blame,condemn,scold blame 指一般的“归咎于”,不含言语责骂之意. condemn 指正式场合的“谴责”、“判罪”. scold 指唠唠叨叨的“数落”,常用于母亲对孩子,老师对学生. ④The crash was blamed on pilot error. 这次空难是飞行员的失误. ⑤Her father scolded her for upsetting her mother. 她因惹母亲生气而被父亲斥责. ⑥Politicians were quick to condemn the bombing. 政治家们立即对爆炸事件进行了谴责.
4coincidence n．巧合;同时发生;一致 (教材P6)Given this data,it seems that the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence. 鉴于这些数据,好像人类活动与正在升高的地球温度之间的联系不仅仅是巧合. 归纳拓展 ①By coincidence,we arrived here at the same time. 我们凑巧一同到达这儿. ②The two murder cases were so similar to each other;it was not a coincidence_at all. 这两个谋杀案如此相似,绝不是巧合.
③(朗文P402)When our vacations coincided,we often holidayed together.我们的假期要是碰巧凑在一起的话,我们常常会一起去度假.
5advocate vt.主张,提倡 n．提倡者,拥护者 (教材P6)Experts advocate that each person play their part. 专家提倡大家各尽所能. 归纳拓展 ①He advocates reducing military spending. 他主张削减军费开支. ②Blair has been advocating on climate change issues since leaving Downing Street. 自从离开唐宁街,布莱尔就一直是气候变化问题的支持者.
③She’s a passionate advocate_of natural childbirth. 她竭力主张自然分娩. ④(2011·高考广东卷)To advocate sustainable development. 为了推动可持续发展.
6substitute n．代替者;代用品 vt.用……代替 vi.替代,取代 (教材P6)After all, there’s no
substitute
for our Earth. 毕竟,没有什么可以替代地球.
归纳拓展 ①The course teaches you the theory but there’s no substitute for practical experience. 这门课教的是理论,但没有任何东西能代替实践经验.
②Can you substitute_for the singer who is ill? 你能代替那位生了病的歌手吗？ ③He substituted_as the typist in the office. 他代替做这个办公室的打字员. 辨析
replace,substitute 单词 意义 用法 replace 普通用词,指任何形式的替代,尤指以新的替代旧的、老的和坏的等,指人指物均可. 用A代替B replace B with A substitute 指某人因故不在时,由别人代理其职,有时也可指由一物去代替另一物. 用A代替B substitute A for B ④They replaced the permanent staff with part-timers. 他们用兼职人员来代替固定职员. ⑤The recipe says you can substitute yoghurt for the sour cream. 食谱说可以用酸奶替代酸味奶油.
7insignificant adj.无关紧要的,价值不大的,无意义的
归纳拓展 ①(朗文P1015)Looking at the Earth from space makes you realize how small and insignificant we all are. 从太空看地球,会使你发现我们都是多么渺小.
②(朗文P1848)So far, research has not produced anything of very great significance. 迄今为止,研究尚未产生任何具有重大意义的结果.
8means n．方法,手段 (教材P10)People in agricultural areas,without any means to earn their living,move to the cities,... 农业区的人们没有谋生手段时便向城市搬迁,……
归纳拓展 ①This plan must be put into practice by all means. 这个计划必须尽一切办法付诸实施. ②Dr.Smith is by_no_means an inexperienced doctor. 史密斯医生决不是一位没有经验的医 生.
【重点提示】 means表示“方法,方 式,手段”,其单复数同形,当means作主语,有every,each等词修饰时谓语动词用单数;有some,several,many,few等词修饰时谓语动词用复数.
9considerate adj.体贴的;想得周到的 (教材P133)We can all help by being more considerate and thinking of our neighbours. 我们都可以通过更体贴的多想想我们的邻居来提供帮助.
归纳拓展 栏目导引 基础盘点?自测自评 考点串讲?讲练互动 选修八 Unit 22 Environmental Protection——环境保护 选修八 1．whether...or not...不管……还是…… Whether you like it or not,you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事.
句型公式?妙笔生花 2．even if/though即使…… Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult,you must do it.即使练习很难,你都必须做. 3．“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级 He has never spent a more worrying day.他度过了最担心的一天. I can’t agree any more.我非常同意.
4．it用作形式宾语 I think it necessary to explore the space. 我认为探索太空是有必要的. They found it strange that no one would take the money. 他们感到很奇怪谁也不要这笔钱.
5．It is said/reported that...＝Sb.is said/reported to do...据说/据报道…… It is said that he has been told the news.＝He is said to have been told the news. 据说他已经被告知这一资讯了.
基础盘点?自测自评 核心单词 1．__________n．生态 2．__________n．原则,道德准则 3．__________adj.贪污的 4．__________adj.相关的,有关的
principle corrupt relevant ecology 5．__________vi.反弹 6．__________n．巧合 7．__________vt.&vi.牺牲;献出 8．__________vt.主张,提倡→__________n．提倡 9．__________vt.回收利用 10．__________n．代替品,代用品 bounce coincidence sacrifice advocate advocation recycle substitute 11．__________vt.威胁 12．__________n．大陆 13．__________n．潜在的可能性 14．__________vt.采纳,采用 15．__________vt.分配,配给 16．__________adj.成熟的
threaten mainland potential adopt allocate mature 17．__________n．保护区→__________n．保留;存疑 18．__________n．顾问→__________vt.咨询,请教 19．The_____________(建筑) being__________(建筑)now is to be a school for the children in this poor area. reserve reservation consultant consult construction constructed 20．__________ is needed to make crops grow in dry areas so we have to __________in a way.
Irrigation irrigate 高频短语 1．__________________摆脱,脱离(某种思想体系、团体、组织) 2．__________________
超出……的控制;不受……的控制 3．________________
展望未来
break away from beyond one’s control look ahead 4．________________
提到;涉及;参考;查阅 5．________________
依次 6．________________
引起,导致 7．________________
采取行动 8．________________
除……以外
refer to in turn lead to take action apart from 9．________________
(对已产生的不良后果)负责任 10．________________
要求结束…… 11．________________
实际上 12．___________________
代表……
answer for call for an end to sth. as a matter of fact on somebody’s behalf 13．________________
掠去,夺走 14．________________
总的来说 15．________________
导致 16．________________
祝一切顺利 carry off all in all result in all the best 典型句式 1．-ing分词作状语和定语 ________________(展望未来),scientists believe that global warming could be one of the biggest environmental problems______________________(21世纪所面临的)．
Looking ahead facing the 21st century 2．It seems that...句型 似乎……,好像…… Given this data,______________________(好像)the link between human activities and rising global temperatures is not merely a coincidence.
it seems that
3．条件状语从句的省略 ______________________(如果有必要的话),give reasons for your answers.
If necessary 4．not only...but(also)．..不但……而且…… Rivers,lakes,and wet-lands are sources of fresh water,______________(不但)for humans,_____________(而且)for wildlife as well.
not only but 单元语法 被动语态(Ⅲ)和转述结构 1．Tony was unhappy for__________to the party. A．having not been invited B．not having invited C．having not invited D．not having been invited
解析：选D.for 是介词,后接动名词作宾语;Tony 与invite 之间是被动关系,要用被动形式;且invite 应在 be unhappy 之前,所以要用完成形式;not 要放在非谓语动词形式的前面.
2．Customers are asked to make sure that they________the right change before leaving the shop. A．will give B．have been given C．have given D．will be given
解析：选B.句意：顾客在离开商店前,都被要求确认找给他们的零钱正确.they 和动词 give 之间显然是被动关系,所以用被动语态.
3．She said to me,“Is there any water there？” →She__________me__________there was any water__________. 解析：一般疑问句变转述结构要用 if 引导,地点副词也做相应调整,there 变为 here. 答案：asked;if;here
4．He said,“I am watching TV with my friends at home now.” →He said__________ ________ watching TV with________friends at home__________. 解析：变转述结构时人称前后要一致,时间副词也做相应调整,now 变为 then. 答案：he was;his;then 5．She said,“My brother left home three years ago.” →She said__________ brother_________ ___________home three years__________. 解析：变转述结构时,一般过去时变为过去完成时. 答案：her;had left;before
考点串讲?讲练互动 单词精研 1beyond prep.超出,出乎 adv.在更远处;另外 (教材P6)．..something previously seen as beyond our control. ……在以前看来有些事情是我们不能控制的.
归纳拓展 ①(牛津P176)Our success was far beyond what we thought possible.我们的成功远远超出了我们估计的范围. ②Her beauty is beyond comparison. 她的美貌无与伦比. ③They crossed the mountains and travelled to the valleys beyond.他们越过群山,到了那边的山谷.
④(2011·高考天津卷)An idea that started in Seattle’s public library has spread throughout America and beyond. 一种开始于西雅图公共图书馆的观点已经传播到美国及其以外的地方.
2claim v．&n.要求;声称;主张;断言 (教材P6)They claim that in the last 50 years,gases pumped into the Earth’s atmosphere by the factories and vehicles have been speeding up... 他们声称,在过去的五十年里,工厂和车辆排放到地球大气层中的气体加速了……
归纳拓展 栏目导引 基础盘点?自测自评 考点串讲?讲练互动 选修八 【句法分析】 when it struck an iceberg and...,when在此为并列连词“这时,就在这时突然间……”,不可用while代替.其常用结构有：
正要做某事,就在这时……